Which is not a function of the hypothalamus?
- A. Affect heart rate
- B. Control temperature
- C. Affect water balance
- D. Secrete FSH
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Secrete FSH. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate the pituitary gland's secretion of hormones such as FSH. The hypothalamus itself does not secrete FSH. A, B, and C are functions of the hypothalamus as it is involved in regulating heart rate, temperature control, and water balance through various hormonal and neural pathways.
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Which of the following statements regarding pituitary hormones is false?
- A. The hypothalamus makes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, which are transported to the posterior pituitary for storage.
- B. Antidiuretic hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease.
- C. Luteinizing hormone, an anterior pituitary hormone, triggers ovulation of an egg from the ovary and causes the ruptured follicle to produce progesterone and some estrogens.
- D. Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone leads to sterility in both males and females.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the posterior pituitary, and its main function is to increase water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to decreased urine volume and increased blood volume.
Step 2: If ADH causes urine volume to increase and blood volume to decrease, it would be counterproductive to its known physiological role.
Step 3: Therefore, Choice B is false as it contradicts the established function of ADH.
Summary:
- Choice A is true because oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are indeed produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior pituitary.
- Choice C is true as luteinizing hormone does trigger ovulation and stimulates the production of progesterone and some estrogens.
- Choice D is true because hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating hormone or luteinizing hormone can lead to infertility in both males and females.
Which of the following is an alpha-blocker used in the treatment of hypertension:
- A. Tyramine
- B. Prazosin
- C. Ergometrine
- D. Ergotamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Understand the question is about an alpha-blocker for hypertension.
Step 2: Identify Prazosin as an alpha-blocker used for hypertension by blocking alpha-1 receptors.
Step 3: Explain how Prazosin works to dilate blood vessels and lower blood pressure.
Step 4: Summarize why other choices are incorrect:
- A: Tyramine is not an alpha-blocker, it is found in certain foods.
- C: Ergometrine is an ergot alkaloid used for uterine contractions, not hypertension.
- D: Ergotamine is also an ergot alkaloid used for migraines, not hypertension.
The nurse is teaching assistive personnel (AP) about hormones that are produced by the adrenal glands. Which hormone has the primary responsibility of maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition?
- A. Sodium
- B. Magnesium
- C. Aldosterone
- D. Renin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Aldosterone. Aldosterone is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition by regulating sodium and potassium levels in the body. It promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys, helping to maintain blood pressure and electrolyte balance. Therefore, aldosterone has the primary responsibility for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition.
A: Sodium - While sodium is an important electrolyte involved in fluid balance, it is not a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.
B: Magnesium - Magnesium is also an important electrolyte, but it is not primarily responsible for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition in the body.
D: Renin - Renin is an enzyme produced by the kidneys that plays a role in regulating blood pressure and fluid balance, but it is not a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and does not have the primary responsibility for maintaining fluid volume and electrolyte composition.
The posterior pituitary stores and releases:
- A. Growth hormone & Prolactin
- B. Prolactin & Oxytocin
- C. Oxytocin & ADH
- D. ADH & GH
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Oxytocin & ADH. The posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus. Oxytocin is responsible for uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding. ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) regulates water balance by influencing the reabsorption of water by the kidneys. Growth hormone (GH) and Prolactin are released by the anterior pituitary, not the posterior pituitary. Therefore, choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they do not represent the hormones stored and released by the posterior pituitary.
Quinidine is a drug used for arrhythmias. One of its properties is strong postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity. What side effect would you expect as a result of this property?
- A. Absence or at least decrease of lacrimal and mucus secretions
- B. Dilated pupils that don’t constrict in bright light
- C. Reduced blood pressure, hypotension
- D. Skeletal muscle tremors
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Reduced blood pressure, hypotension. Quinidine's strong postsynaptic alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking activity would result in decreased activation of these receptors, leading to vasodilation and reduced blood pressure, which can cause hypotension. Choice A is incorrect because lacrimal and mucus secretions are not directly affected by alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking. Choice B is incorrect as dilated pupils are more associated with alpha-1 adrenergic receptor blockade. Choice D is incorrect as skeletal muscle tremors are not a typical side effect of alpha-adrenergic receptor blocking.