Nokea
Which is the main purpose of traction?
- A. Align and stabilize a fracture.
- B. Prevent deformities.
- C. Relieve muscle spasms.
- D. Promote bed rest.
- E. Increase circulation to the rest of the body.
Correct Answer: A,B,C
Rationale: Skin and skeletal traction provide alignment and stabilize a fracture. This prevents deformities. Traction may also be used to relieve muscle spasms. Traction is not used to promote bed rest or to increase circulation to the rest of the body.
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What is the large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the anterior chest from the sternum to the proximal end of the humerus and acts on the joint of the shoulder to flex, adduct, and rotate?
- A. Serratus anterior
- B. Intercostal
- C. Transversus abdominis
- D. Pectoralis major
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Pectoralis major is the large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the anterior chest and is an adductor muscle, which will cause the shoulder to flex.
Certain foods may increase the pain associated with gout. Which foods have the highest concentration of purines?
- A. Brain, liver, kidney
- B. Lettuce, corn, potatoes
- C. Beef, pork, chicken
- D. Fruits and fruit juices
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Foods high in purines, such as brain, kidney, liver, and heart should be avoided, as well as alcohol. Lettuce, meat that does not include organ meats, and fruits do not have a high concentration of purines.
Calcium is a mineral found in many foods that can slow bone loss during the aging process. Which food is high in calcium?
- A. Oranges
- B. Bananas
- C. Spinach
- D. Eggs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Spinach and green vegetables, as well as yogurt, are considered calcium-rich foods. Fresh oranges, bananas, and eggs are not good calcium choices.
The patient, age 58, is diagnosed with osteoporosis after densitometry testing. She has been menopausal for 5 years and has been concerned about her risk for osteoporosis because her mother has osteoporosis. When reinforcing instructions about her osteoporosis, which information does the nurse include?
- A. Even with a family history of osteoporosis, the calcium loss from bones can be slowed by increased calcium intake and exercise.
- B. Estrogen replacement therapy must be started to prevent rapid progression of her osteoporosis.
- C. With a family history of osteoporosis, there is no way to prevent or slow bone reabsorption.
- D. Continuous, low-dose corticosteroid treatment is effective in stopping the course of osteoporosis.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: To prevent osteoporosis, women are advised to have an adequate daily intake of calcium and vitamin D; exercise regularly; avoid smoking; decrease caffeine intake; decrease excess protein in the diet; and engage in regular moderate activity such as walking, bike riding, or swimming at least 3 days a week. Estrogen does not increase bone formation. Prevention of osteoporosis should begin before bone loss has occurred. A contributing factor may be use of steroids.
A patient who has had a right below the knee amputation continues to complain of unpleasant sensation in the right foot. Which explanation will the nurse provide about this 'phantom pain'?
- A. It only exists in the mind.
- B. It is a complication following an amputation and can be clarified by the surgeon.
- C. It is related to the severed nerves that are still sending messages to the brain.
- D. It occurs when the person becomes focused on the loss of the limb.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Phantom pain (pain felt in the missing extremity as if it were still present) may occur and be frightening to the patient. Phantom pain occurs because the nerve tracts that register pain in the amputated area continue to send a message to the brain (this is normal). It is an actual problem and does not 'exist only in the mind'. The nurse can answer this question about phantom pain. Phantom pain does not occur when the patient becomes focused on limb loss.