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Which medical condition is characterized by symptoms such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpetic ulcerations, Kaposi's sarcoma, xerostomia, and severe periodontal disease?
- A. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- B. Acute Leukemia
- C. Anorexia Nervosa
- D. Bulimia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is known for a variety of oral manifestations such as oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, herpetic ulcerations, Kaposi's sarcoma, xerostomia, and severe periodontal disease. These symptoms are not typically associated with acute leukemia, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia. Acute leukemia usually presents with symptoms like fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bruising. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are eating disorders, thus their primary symptoms are primarily associated with eating habits and body weight, not oral health.
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What is the most common type of kidney stone?
- A. Cystine
- B. Calcium
- C. Struvite
- D. Uric acid
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The most common type of kidney stone is calcium-based, specifically calcium oxalate. This is usually due to high calcium levels in the urine, which can be caused by dietary factors or certain metabolic disorders. Cystine stones, on the other hand, are less common and occur in individuals with a hereditary disorder leading to excessive excretion of certain amino acids. Struvite stones are often formed in response to an infection. Uric acid stones may occur in individuals who do not consume sufficient fluids or who lose too much fluid, among other factors. Therefore, while all these substances can form stones in the kidneys, calcium stones are the most common.
Onset frequently occurs after the age of 40.
- A. Type 1 Diabetes
- B. Type 2 Diabetes
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, Type 2 Diabetes. Type 2 Diabetes commonly presents with an onset after the age of 40, although it is now also seen in younger individuals due to lifestyle factors such as poor diet and lack of exercise. Type 1 Diabetes, on the other hand, typically develops in childhood or adolescence and is not associated with age over 40. Choices C and D are left blank as they are not relevant to the question.
Without enough calcium, both males and females are at risk of osteoporosis.
- A. TRUE
- B. FALSE
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The statement is true. Both males and females are at risk of developing osteoporosis if they do not consume enough calcium. Calcium is essential for maintaining strong bones, and inadequate intake can lead to bone density loss and increase the risk of osteoporosis. Therefore, it is crucial for individuals of all genders to ensure they have an adequate calcium intake to support bone health. Choice B is incorrect because osteoporosis is a condition that can affect both males and females.
The purpose of the health history is to identify health-related considerations and medications that may cause nutritional risk. Many medications, such as prednisone, have drug-nutrient interactions that can influence nutrient needs.
- A. Both statements are true
- B. Both statements are false
- C. The first statement is true; the second is false
- D. The first statement is false; the second is true
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Both statements are true. The health history aims to uncover health-related factors that could pose nutritional risks, including medications like prednisone that may have interactions affecting nutrient requirements. Choice B is incorrect as both statements are accurate, emphasizing the significance of health history in assessing nutritional concerns.
What is the glomerular filtration rate for patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD)?
- A. Less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m²
- B. Less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m²
- C. Less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m²
- D. Less than 125 mL/min/1.73 m²
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD), also known as end-stage renal disease, the kidney function is significantly compromised. This severe condition is characterized by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m², as correctly stated in choice A. Choices B, C, and D suggest higher GFR values, which are not indicative of stage 5 CKD. Specifically, a GFR of less than 30 mL/min/1.73 m² indicates stage 4 CKD, less than 90 mL/min/1.73 m² signifies stage 3 CKD, and a typical healthy individual usually has a GFR of around 125 mL/min/1.73 m², which is far above the GFR for stage 5 CKD.