Nokea
Which medication is used to lower high blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes?
- A. ACE inhibitor
- B. Beta-blocker
- C. Diuretic
- D. Calcium channel blocker
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: ACE inhibitor. ACE inhibitors work by dilating blood vessels to lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes. They also help protect the heart and improve its function. Beta-blockers (B) lower heart rate, diuretics (C) reduce fluid retention, and calcium channel blockers (D) relax blood vessels, but they do not offer the same comprehensive benefits for high blood pressure and cardiovascular health as ACE inhibitors.
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What is the accumulation of fatty deposits along the walls of arteries, leading to reduced blood flow?
- A. Atherosclerosis
- B. Arteriosclerosis
- C. Aneurysm
- D. Thrombosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Atherosclerosis is the correct answer because it specifically refers to the accumulation of fatty deposits in arteries, causing reduced blood flow. Arteriosclerosis is a general term for thickening and hardening of arteries, not necessarily due to fatty deposits. Aneurysm is a localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel, not related to fatty deposits. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot within a blood vessel, not the accumulation of fatty deposits.
What structure separates the left and right sides of the heart?
- A. Interventricular septum
- B. Endocardium
- C. Epicardium
- D. Pericardium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Interventricular septum. This structure separates the left and right sides of the heart, forming a barrier between the two ventricles. It ensures that oxygenated and deoxygenated blood do not mix within the heart chambers. The endocardium (B) is the inner layer of the heart's chambers, the epicardium (C) is the outer layer of the heart, and the pericardium (D) is the sac surrounding the heart. These structures do not specifically separate the left and right sides of the heart.
Which medication relaxes the muscles around the airways, making it easier to breathe?
- A. Bronchodilator
- B. Corticosteroid
- C. Antihistamine
- D. Mucolytic
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Bronchodilator. Bronchodilators work by relaxing the muscles surrounding the airways, leading to airway dilation and improved airflow. This helps in easing breathing difficulties in conditions like asthma and COPD. Corticosteroids (B) reduce inflammation, antihistamines (C) block histamine effects, and mucolytics (D) help in thinning mucus but do not directly relax airway muscles like bronchodilators do.
In the patient with chest pain, which results can differentiate unstable angina from an MI?
- A. ECG changes present at the onset of the pain
- B. A chest x-ray indicating left ventricular hypertrophy
- C. Appearance of troponin in the blood 48 hours after the infarct
- D. Creatine kinase (CK)-MB enzyme elevations that peak 18 hours after the infarct
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: ECG changes distinguish unstable angina from MI.
The nurse is giving a client an IV bolus of heparin. What is the most important nursing action?
- A. Monitor the client's heart rate.
- B. Check the client's blood pressure.
- C. Check for signs of bleeding.
- D. Monitor the client's respiratory rate.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Monitor the client's heart rate. When administering an IV bolus of heparin, it is crucial to monitor the client's heart rate because heparin can cause serious side effects such as bleeding and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, which can lead to changes in heart rate. Checking blood pressure (B) is also important but not as critical as monitoring heart rate. Checking for signs of bleeding (C) is necessary but should be done after monitoring the heart rate. Monitoring the client's respiratory rate (D) is not directly related to heparin administration.