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Which motor symptom, visible in the hands, is characteristic of Parkinson's disease?
- A. blue discoloration
- B. red discoloration
- C. tremor
- D. severe edema
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tremor, particularly a resting tremor, is a hallmark symptom of Parkinson's disease. It often begins in the hands and can progress to other parts of the body as the disease advances.
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In helping Mr. Hall to maintain proper body alignment in bed to prevent dislocation of the prosthetic head and hip contracture, the nurse should assist the patient to lie
- A. straight in bed alternating head position from flat to 30° elevation and left leg abducted
- B. diagonally toward the right side of the bed with legs together
- C. flat on back in bed for first 48 hours with legs adducted
- D. on the right side only with the left leg in front of the right leg
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This position minimizes stress on the new hip joint.
Which kind of hip fracture is usually repaired with a hip prosthesis?
- A. Intracapsular
- B. Extracapsular
- C. Subtrochanteric
- D. Intertrochanteric
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Intracapsular fractures often require prosthetic repair.
What do we call the layer of fatty tissue surrounding the axon of some neurons?
- A. cutaneous coating
- B. myelin sheath
- C. dendritic barrier
- D. synaptic sleeve
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The myelin sheath is a layer of fatty tissue that surrounds the axons of some neurons, providing insulation and increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission. Myelin is produced by glial cells, such as oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system. Damage to the myelin sheath, as seen in conditions like multiple sclerosis, can impair neural communication and lead to neurological symptoms.
Meningeal sign is the following:
- A. Babinsky
- B. Kernig
- C. Lasseg
- D. Romberg
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Kernig's sign is the correct answer because it is a clinical sign of meningeal irritation, often seen in meningitis. It is elicited by attempting to extend the knee while the hip is flexed, which causes pain and resistance due to inflammation of the meninges.
A client with a subdural hematoma becomes restless and confused, with dilation of the ipsilateral pupil. The physician orders mannitol for which of the following reasons?
- A. To reduce intraocular pressure
- B. To prevent acute tubular necrosis
- C. To promote osmotic diuresis to decrease ICP
- D. To draw water into the vascular system to increase blood pressure
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Mannitol is an osmotic diuretic that draws fluid from the brain tissue into the vascular system, reducing intracranial pressure (ICP). This is critical in cases of subdural hematoma, where increased ICP can lead to brain herniation and further neurological damage. The drug works by creating an osmotic gradient, pulling water from the extracellular space of the brain into the bloodstream, which is then excreted by the kidneys. This mechanism helps alleviate symptoms like restlessness, confusion, and pupil dilation caused by increased ICP.