Nokea
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the regulation of many of the secretory cells of the gastric (stomach) mucosa?
- A. norepinephrine
- B. dopamine
- C. acetylcholine
- D. insulin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: acetylcholine. Acetylcholine is involved in regulating secretory cells in the gastric mucosa by stimulating the release of gastric acid and enzymes. Norepinephrine and dopamine are not directly involved in gastric secretions. Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose metabolism, not gastric regulation. Acetylcholine's role in stimulating gastric secretions makes it the correct choice.
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Which of these statements about reflexes in the GI tract is false?
- A. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract.
- B. Short reflexes are mediated by the enteric nervous system.
- C. Food that distends the stomach initiates long reflexes.
- D. Long reflexes can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because food that distends the stomach actually initiates short reflexes, not long reflexes. Short reflexes are provoked by nerves near the GI tract, which aligns with choice A. Short reflexes are indeed mediated by the enteric nervous system, supporting choice B. Long reflexes, as per choice D, can be provoked by stimuli originating outside the GI tract. Therefore, choice C is false as food distending the stomach triggers short reflexes, not long reflexes.
Accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
- A. peritonitis.
- B. a hiatal hernia.
- C. an inguinal hernia.
- D. ascites.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: ascites. Ascites is the accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity. This condition can be caused by liver disease, heart failure, kidney disease, or certain cancers. Peritonitis (A) is inflammation of the peritoneum, not fluid accumulation. Hiatal hernia (B) is a condition where the stomach bulges through the diaphragm. Inguinal hernia (C) is the protrusion of abdominal contents through the inguinal canal. Hence, choices A, B, and C are incorrect in the context of excess fluid accumulation in the peritoneal cavity.
A client is visited by the dietitian following a colostomy procedure. Which of the following is the primary nutrition concern for this type of client?
- A. Fiber.
- B. Small frequent meals.
- C. Chewing food thoroughly.
- D. Fluids and electrolytes.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is crucial for colostomy clients, as water absorption is affected.
A patient with advanced cirrhosis has a nursing diagnosis of imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements related to anorexia and inadequate food intake. What would be an appropriate midday snack for the patient?
- A. Peanut butter and salt-free crackers
- B. A fresh tomato sandwich with salt-free butter
- C. Popcorn with salt-free butter and herbal seasoning
- D. Canned chicken noodle soup with low-protein bread
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peanut butter and salt-free crackers provide protein and energy, which can help address nutritional deficiencies in a patient with cirrhosis.
Which information will the nurse provide for a patient with newly diagnosed gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
- A. Peppermint tea may reduce your symptoms.
- B. Keep the head of your bed elevated on blocks.
- C. You should avoid eating between meals to reduce acid secretion.
- D. Vigorous physical activities may increase the incidence of reflux.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Keep the head of your bed elevated on blocks. Elevating the head of the bed can help prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus during sleep, reducing nighttime symptoms of GERD. This position helps gravity keep the acid in the stomach.
A: Peppermint tea may actually worsen GERD symptoms as it can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, allowing acid to reflux back into the esophagus.
C: Avoiding eating between meals will not reduce acid secretion and may even lead to larger meals, which can trigger reflux symptoms.
D: Vigorous physical activities can worsen GERD symptoms by increasing intra-abdominal pressure, pushing stomach contents back up into the esophagus.
In summary, the correct answer is B because it directly addresses a practical measure to alleviate GERD symptoms during sleep, while the other choices do not effectively manage the condition.