Nokea
What may occur with failure of the sodium-potassium pump during severe protein depletion?
- A. Ascites
- B. Hyperkalemia
- C. Anemia
- D. Hypoalbuminemia
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Failure of the sodium-potassium pump can lead to an imbalance of electrolytes including hyperkalemia.
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The important enzymes present in Pancreatic juice are :
- A. Trypsin, Amylopsin, Steapsin
- B. Pepsin, Rennin, Gastric Lipase
- C. Erepsin, Invertase, Lipase
- D. Ptyalin, Maltase, Lactase
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because pancreatic juice contains Trypsin for protein digestion, Amylopsin for carbohydrate digestion, and Steapsin for fat digestion. Trypsin breaks down proteins into peptides, Amylopsin breaks down carbohydrates into sugars, and Steapsin breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol. Pepsin, Rennin, and Gastric Lipase (option B) are enzymes found in the stomach, while Erepsin, Invertase, and Lipase (option C) are enzymes found in the small intestine. Ptyalin, Maltase, and Lactase (option D) are enzymes involved in digestion but are not found in pancreatic juice.
Which method is preferred for immediate treatment of an acute episode of constipation?
- A. An enema
- B. Stool softeners
- C. Increased fluid
- D. Bulk-forming medication
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: An enema is often the preferred immediate treatment for acute constipation to relieve discomfort and promote bowel evacuation.
A nurse is providing care for a client who had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Which of the following is an appropriate nursing action?
- A. Place the client in a supine position postoperatively.
- B. Encourage ambulation once fully awake.
- C. Offer the client ice cream postoperatively.
- D. Instruct the client not to lift over 4.5 kg (10 lb).
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Instruct the client not to lift over 4.5 kg (10 lb).
Rationale:
1. Lifting restrictions are crucial post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy to prevent strain on the surgical site.
2. Lifting heavy objects can lead to complications such as incisional hernias or wound dehiscence.
3. Following lifting restrictions aids in the proper healing of the surgical incisions.
4. Placing the client in a supine position (A) may be uncomfortable due to gas used during surgery. Ambulation (B) is important but not the priority immediately post-op. Offering ice cream (C) is not relevant to postoperative care.
The stomach produces acids, which denature protein, and popsin that digests protein. The cell membranes of the epithelial cells lining the stomach contain protein. The protein in the epithelial cells are not denatured or digested because
- A. the membranes contain a different type of protein that resists denaturation and digestion.
- B. mucus coats the epithelium.
- C. cell membranes are destroyed but mitotic activity replaces cells with new ones every few hours.
- D. hormones produced by the endocrine cells protect the cell membranes and neutralize the acid pH.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mucus coats the epithelium. The mucus layer acts as a protective barrier that prevents the acid and pepsin from coming into direct contact with the epithelial cells. This physical barrier helps to shield the cell membranes from denaturation and digestion. Choice A is incorrect because the type of protein in the cell membranes does not determine their resistance to denaturation and digestion. Choice C is incorrect because cell membranes are not destroyed, and mitotic activity does not play a role in protecting the cell membranes. Choice D is incorrect because hormones do not directly protect the cell membranes from acid and pepsin; rather, it is the mucus layer that provides the necessary protection.
Bacteria and other foreign material absorbed by the small intestine are destroyed by ______ cells found lining the hepatic sinusoids.
- A. Kupffer
- B. hepatic
- C. endothelial
- D. acinar
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Kupffer cells. Kupffer cells are specialized macrophages found in the liver that play a crucial role in immune defense. They are responsible for destroying bacteria and foreign material absorbed by the small intestine as they pass through the hepatic sinusoids. Kupffer cells phagocytize these pathogens, preventing their entry into the bloodstream. The other choices, B: hepatic, C: endothelial, and D: acinar, do not have the specific function of destroying bacteria in the hepatic sinusoids. Hepatic cells are liver cells, endothelial cells line blood vessels, and acinar cells are found in exocrine glands.