Nokea
You have the following symptoms: sudden abdominal pain, slight fever, loss of appetite, and nausea. You may have
- A. appendicitis.
- B. heartburn.
- C. diarrhea.
- D. hemorrhoids.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: appendicitis. Sudden abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, and nausea are classic symptoms of appendicitis. The pain often starts near the belly button and migrates to the lower right abdomen, where the appendix is located. Appendicitis is a medical emergency that requires immediate attention to prevent complications like a burst appendix. Heartburn (B) typically presents with a burning sensation in the chest, and diarrhea (C) presents with loose, watery stools. Hemorrhoids (D) are swollen blood vessels in the rectum that cause discomfort but do not typically present with the symptoms described.
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The nurse is obtaining a history of a patient with hepatitis Which question is most appropriate for the nurse to ask?
- A. "If using drugs, do you share needles?"
- B. "Do you always practice safe sex?"
- C. "You traveled to Canada in the last month?"
- D. "Do you eat shellfish often?"
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because hepatitis can be transmitted through contaminated food or water, including shellfish. Asking about shellfish consumption helps assess the risk of exposure to hepatitis. Choice A is more relevant for HIV transmission. Choice B focuses on STDs. Choice C is not directly related to hepatitis transmission.
Which of these statements about bile is true?
- A. About 500 mL is secreted daily.
- B. Its main function is the denaturation of proteins.
- C. It is synthesized in the gallbladder.
- D. Bile salts are recycled.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Step 1: Bile is produced in the liver, not the gallbladder. Step 2: Bile salts aid in digestion by emulsifying fats. Step 3: Bile salts are recycled in the enterohepatic circulation. Step 4: This recycling process conserves bile salts. Step 5: Choice D is correct as it accurately states that bile salts are recycled, supporting efficient digestion and absorption.
Where are most digestive enzymes activated?
- A. stomach
- B. small intestine
- C. liver
- D. pancreas
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: small intestine. Digestive enzymes are activated in the small intestine to break down nutrients. Firstly, enzymes are secreted by the pancreas into the small intestine, where they act on carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Secondly, bile from the liver helps in the digestion of fats. The stomach mainly secretes gastric juices for protein digestion, not enzymes for overall digestion. The liver produces bile, not digestive enzymes. The pancreas secretes various digestive enzymes, but they become activated in the small intestine.
The nurse is caring for a patient receiving chemotherapy. Which of the following signs indicates that the patient is developing a complication from the chemotherapy?
- A. Mild nausea
- B. White blood cell count of 3,000 cells/mm3
- C. Reddened areas on the skin
- D. Small amount of urine output
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: White blood cell count of 3,000 cells/mm3. A low white blood cell count is a common side effect of chemotherapy, putting the patient at risk for infections. Monitoring WBC count is crucial to detect complications early.
A: Mild nausea is a common side effect of chemotherapy but does not necessarily indicate a complication.
C: Reddened areas on the skin could be due to various reasons and are not specific to chemotherapy complications.
D: Small amount of urine output could be a concern, but it is not a common sign of chemotherapy complications.
The defaecation reflex:
- A. Is initiated by stretching the anal canal
- B. Is integrated in a control center in the lumbar spinal cord
- C. Is integrated in a control center in the sacral spinal cord
- D. Is controlled by the vagus nerve
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because the defecation reflex is integrated in a control center in the sacral spinal cord. This is due to the presence of the parasympathetic nerves that control the smooth muscles of the colon and rectum in the sacral region. The sacral spinal cord is responsible for coordinating the reflexive relaxation of the internal anal sphincter and contraction of the rectum during defecation. Choices A and B are incorrect because the initiation and integration of the defecation reflex do not involve the anal canal stretching or the lumbar spinal cord. Choice D is incorrect as the defecation reflex is not controlled by the vagus nerve, which is primarily responsible for the parasympathetic innervation of organs in the thorax and upper abdomen.