Nokea
Serologic findings in viral hepatitis include both the presence of viral antigens and antibodies produced in response to the viruses. What laboratory result indicates that the nurse is immune to HBV after vaccination?
- A. Anti-HBcIgG
- B. Surface antigen HBsAg
- C. Surface antibody Anti-HBs
- D. Core antigen Anti-HBcIgM
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presence of anti-HBs (surface antibody) indicates immunity to Hepatitis B following vaccination.
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Fatty acids and glycerol are released when _____ are broken down by liver or muscle cells.
- A. micelles
- B. chylomicrons
- C. lacteals
- D. lipoproteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: chylomicrons. Chylomicrons are lipoprotein particles that transport dietary lipids (including fatty acids and glycerol) from the small intestine to the liver or muscle cells for metabolism. When chylomicrons reach the liver or muscles, lipoprotein lipase breaks them down, releasing fatty acids and glycerol for energy production or storage.
Now, let's analyze why the other choices are incorrect:
A: Micelles are small lipid droplets formed in the small intestine to aid in lipid digestion and absorption, but they do not release fatty acids and glycerol when broken down.
C: Lacteals are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine that absorb dietary fats, but they do not release fatty acids and glycerol.
D: Lipoproteins are involved in transporting lipids in the bloodstream but do not release fatty acids and glycerol when broken down.
The stomach produces acids, which denature protein, and popsin that digests protein. The cell membranes of the epithelial cells lining the stomach contain protein. The protein in the epithelial cells are not denatured or digested because
- A. the membranes contain a different type of protein that resists denaturation and digestion.
- B. mucus coats the epithelium.
- C. cell membranes are destroyed but mitotic activity replaces cells with new ones every few hours.
- D. hormones produced by the endocrine cells protect the cell membranes and neutralize the acid pH.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mucus coats the epithelium. The mucus layer acts as a protective barrier that prevents the acid and pepsin from coming into direct contact with the epithelial cells. This physical barrier helps to shield the cell membranes from denaturation and digestion. Choice A is incorrect because the type of protein in the cell membranes does not determine their resistance to denaturation and digestion. Choice C is incorrect because cell membranes are not destroyed, and mitotic activity does not play a role in protecting the cell membranes. Choice D is incorrect because hormones do not directly protect the cell membranes from acid and pepsin; rather, it is the mucus layer that provides the necessary protection.
Priority Decision: During care of the severely obese patient
- A. what is most important for the nurse to do?
- B. Avoid reference to the patient's weight to avoid embarrassing the patient.
- C. Emphasize to the patient how important it is to lose weight to maintain health.
- D. Plan for necessary modifications in equipment and nursing techniques before initiating care.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Planning for necessary equipment modifications is crucial to safely care for obese patients, ensuring comfort and effectiveness in care.
A young adult patient is admitted to the hospital for evaluation of right lower quadrant abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting. Which action should the nurse take?
- A. Assist the patient to cough and deep breath
- C. Palpate the abdomen for rebound tenderness.
- D. Suggest the patient lie on the side, flexing the right leg.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Palpate the abdomen for rebound tenderness. This action is essential to assess for signs of possible appendicitis, a common cause of right lower quadrant abdominal pain with nausea and vomiting. Rebound tenderness is a classic sign of peritoneal irritation and can indicate an inflamed appendix. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Assisting the patient to cough and deep breath is not a priority in this situation and does not provide relevant information about the cause of the abdominal pain.
D: Suggesting the patient lie on the side, flexing the right leg, may help alleviate some discomfort but does not provide diagnostic information about the underlying cause of the symptoms.
Which single statement below, about the stomach, is actually correct?
- A. Acid secretion occurs in response to secretion of the hormone, carbonic anhydrase
- B. Glands called Peyer's patches are responsible for acid secretion
- C. The vagus nerve inhibits acid secretion after a meal has been consumed
- D. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase are two enzymes secreted into the lumen of the stomach
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because pepsinogen and gastric lipase are indeed two enzymes secreted into the lumen of the stomach. Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins, while gastric lipase helps in the digestion of fats.
A is incorrect because carbonic anhydrase is not a hormone but an enzyme involved in acid secretion.
B is incorrect because Peyer's patches are actually found in the small intestine, not the stomach, and they are involved in the immune system.
C is incorrect because the vagus nerve stimulates, rather than inhibits, acid secretion in response to a meal.
In summary, D is correct as it accurately describes enzymes secreted in the stomach, while the other choices contain factual inaccuracies about stomach function.