Nokea
Which nutrients aid in capillary synthesis and collagen production by the fibroblasts in wound healing?
- A. Fats
- B. Proteins
- C. Vitamin C
- D. Vitamin A
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Vitamin C plays a crucial role in collagen synthesis, which is essential for wound healing. It supports the formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) and strengthens connective tissue.
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Macrophages differentiate
- A. From blood neutrophils
- B. In tissues
- C. From the common lymphoid progenitor
- D. In the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Macrophages differentiate in tissues because they originate from monocytes which leave the bloodstream and mature into macrophages in various tissues. This process is essential for their diverse functions in immune response and tissue maintenance. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because macrophages do not differentiate from blood neutrophils, the common lymphoid progenitor, or in the bone marrow.
Which of the following early contributors to the development of immunology is paired up properly with his or her accomplishment?
- A. Louis Pasteur: demonstrated that cowpox vaccination can protect from smallpox
- B. Paul Ehrlich: identified lymphocytes as the cells mediating adaptive immunity
- C. MacFarlane Burnet: proposed the side-chain theory of antibodies which suggested that multiple antigen receptors are expressed on immune cells
- D. Robert Koch: developed techniques to grow pure bacterial cultures
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Rationale: Robert Koch is correctly paired with developing techniques to grow pure bacterial cultures. Koch's work laid the foundation for bacteriology and allowed for the isolation and identification of specific disease-causing bacteria. This technique, known as Koch's postulates, revolutionized the field of microbiology by linking specific pathogens to specific diseases.
Summary:
A: Louis Pasteur - Incorrect. While Pasteur is known for his work in vaccination and pasteurization, the provided accomplishment is associated with Edward Jenner, not Pasteur.
B: Paul Ehrlich - Incorrect. Ehrlich is known for his work on immunology and coined the term "magic bullet," but he did not identify lymphocytes as cells mediating adaptive immunity.
C: MacFarlane Burnet - Incorrect. Burnet is known for his clonal selection theory, not the side-chain theory of antibodies as described in the choice.
A nurse has educated a client on an epinephrine autoinjector. What statement by the client indicates additional instruction is needed?
- A. I don't need to go to the hospital after using it.
- B. I must carry two autoinjectors with me at all times.
- C. I will write the expiration date on my calendar.
- D. This can be injected right through my clothes.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. If the client states they don't need to go to the hospital after using the epinephrine autoinjector, additional instruction is needed. The rationale is that after using an epinephrine autoinjector, it is crucial to seek medical attention immediately due to the potential for severe allergic reactions. Choice B is incorrect because carrying two autoinjectors is recommended in case the first dose is not effective. Choice C is incorrect as it demonstrates good practice in tracking the expiration date. Choice D is incorrect as it is acceptable to inject through clothes in an emergency situation.
Monoclonal antibodies can be used to:
- A. Block the proliferation of cancer cells
- B. Target cancer cells for destruction
- C. Inhibit inflammatory immune responses
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because monoclonal antibodies have the ability to block the proliferation of cancer cells by targeting specific antigens on the cancer cells. They can also target cancer cells for destruction through various mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Additionally, monoclonal antibodies can inhibit inflammatory immune responses by neutralizing pro-inflammatory mediators or blocking immune cell activation pathways. Therefore, all the options A, B, and C are correct, making D the correct answer.
Which of the following is NOT a property of CD8+ T cells?
- A. They typically differentiate into cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
- B. They always recognize peptide antigen in association with an MHC molecule
- C. They are important in defense against intracellular pathogens
- D. They are the cell responsible for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because CD8+ T cells are not responsible for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. A is correct as CD8+ T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells. B is correct as CD8+ T cells recognize peptide antigens with MHC molecules. C is correct as CD8+ T cells are vital in defense against intracellular pathogens. D is incorrect as CD8+ T cells do not mediate cell cytotoxicity through antibodies.