Immune System Test Quizlet

Immune System Test Quizlet Related

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Which of the following best illustrates selective genetic pressure in immune adaptation?

  • A. Rroma populations and their genetic response to Yersinia pestis
  • B. Mutation rates in viruses like the flu
  • C. Increased pathogen diversity in unvaccinated populations
  • D. Non-specific activation of innate immunity
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: Step 1: Selective genetic pressure refers to the process where specific genetic traits are favored due to environmental factors.
Step 2: Rroma populations and their genetic response to Yersinia pestis demonstrate selective genetic pressure as they have developed genetic adaptations to resist the plague bacterium.
Step 3: This adaptation is a result of prolonged exposure to the pathogen, leading to the survival and reproduction of individuals with genetic variations that confer resistance.
Step 4: Other choices are incorrect because mutation rates in viruses like the flu (B) do not necessarily involve genetic pressure, increased pathogen diversity in unvaccinated populations (C) is a consequence of lack of immunity, and non-specific activation of innate immunity (D) is not a selective process based on genetic traits.

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Ribosomes associated with cells or organelles have a certain size, which is expressed in Svedberg units. Which associations are incorrect?

  • A. cyanobacteria - 80s
  • B. chloroplasts - 60s
  • C. photosynthetic bacteria - 80s
  • D. green algal cytoplasm - 80s
Correct Answer: A

Rationale: The correct answer is A because cyanobacteria have ribosomes measured in 70s, not 80s. Ribosomes in prokaryotes are either 70s (composed of 50s and 30s subunits) or 80s in eukaryotes (60s and 40s subunits). Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chloroplasts, photosynthetic bacteria, and green algal cytoplasm all have ribosomes measured in 70s or 80s, consistent with their cell types.

Which cells play a central role in Type I hypersensitivity reactions?

  • A. Neutrophils
  • B. Mast cells
  • C. Macrophages
  • D. Dendritic cells
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mast cells. Mast cells play a central role in Type I hypersensitivity reactions by releasing histamine, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators in response to allergens. This triggers the allergic response. Neutrophils (A), Macrophages (C), and Dendritic cells (D) are not central to Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Neutrophils are involved in acute inflammation, macrophages play a role in phagocytosis and antigen presentation, and dendritic cells are important in initiating adaptive immune responses.

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

  • A. Is a retrovirus
  • B. Is an RNA virus
  • C. Is a lentivirus
  • D. All of the above A, B and C
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Step 1: HIV is a retrovirus because it contains RNA as its genetic material and uses the enzyme reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA.
Step 2: HIV is an RNA virus because its genetic material is RNA.
Step 3: HIV is a lentivirus which is a subgroup of retroviruses known for causing slow-progressing diseases.
Therefore, the correct answer is D as all statements A, B, and C are true based on the characteristics of HIV.

Auxin hormones act as

  • A. promotes seedling elongation
  • B. is transported downward through a plant
  • C. affects cell elongation in roots at lower concentrations
  • D. all above
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: The correct answer is D because auxin hormones play a crucial role in promoting seedling elongation (A), are transported downward through a plant (B), and affect cell elongation in roots at lower concentrations (C). Auxins are known for their ability to stimulate cell growth and elongation, which is essential for seedling growth. They are also transported in a polar manner from the shoot tip downwards, influencing various plant processes along the way. Additionally, auxins regulate root growth by promoting cell elongation at lower concentrations. Therefore, all the statements (A, B, and C) are supported by the functions of auxin hormones, making option D the correct choice.

A TH2 immune response will not induce

  • A. Isotype switching to IgE
  • B. Secret ion of IL-4
  • C. Activation of macrophages
  • D. Resistance to Leishmania infection
Correct Answer: E

Rationale: The correct answer is E because a TH2 immune response is associated with isotype switching to IgE and secretion of IL-4, which are essential for allergic responses. Activation of macrophages is not associated with a TH2 response. Resistance to Leishmania infection is mediated by a TH1 response, not TH2.

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