Nokea
Which nutrients might people who follow a vegan diet be deficient in?
- A. Vitamin B12
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Vitamins A and D
- D. Calcium
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: People who adhere to a vegan diet might indeed be deficient in vitamins A and D, which are primarily found in animal-derived foods. While vitamin B12 and calcium can also be lacking in a vegan diet, these were not choices given that would correctly answer the question. Vitamin C, on the other hand, is widely available in numerous plant-based foods, making it less likely for vegans to be deficient in it. Therefore, the correct answer is 'Vitamins A and D'. It's important to note that deficiencies can be avoided through careful meal planning or supplementation.
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Which types of diabetes are characterized by the body's cells becoming resistant to insulin? (Select all that apply)
- A. Gestational diabetes
- B. Type II diabetes
- C. Type I diabetes
- D. Both A and B
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: In both gestational diabetes and Type II diabetes, the body's cells become resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin resistance in these types of diabetes prevents glucose from entering the cells, causing it to accumulate in the bloodstream. On the other hand, Type I diabetes is characterized by the body's inability to produce insulin because the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Therefore, the correct answer is both A and B. Choice C, Type I diabetes, is not characterized by insulin resistance but rather by the body's inability to produce insulin. Therefore, it is incorrect. Choice D, Both A and B, includes the correct options of gestational diabetes and Type II diabetes, making it the correct answer.
Each of the following foods has cariostatic properties, with one exception. Which food is the exception?
- A. Eggs
- B. Instant oatmeal
- C. Cheese
- D. Seafood
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Cariostatic foods are those that contribute to the prevention of tooth decay. Eggs, cheese, and seafood are all cariostatic foods, as they can aid in protecting against tooth decay. On the contrary, instant oatmeal does not possess these cariostatic properties. Due to its processed nature, it is more fermentable and cariogenic, which means it can encourage cavity formation. Although it is not directly harmful to the teeth, it does not provide the same defensive benefits against tooth decay as the other choices do. Therefore, 'Instant oatmeal' is the exception among these foods and is the correct answer.
What chronic disease has been associated with increased risks of dental problems?
- A. diabetes mellitus
- B. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- C. Addison's disease
- D. asthma
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of dental problems, including gum disease and tooth loss, due to high blood sugar levels. While chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Addison's disease, and asthma may have oral health implications, diabetes mellitus is specifically known for its strong association with dental issues.
Which of the following nutrients deficiency may lead to a diabetes-like condition?
- A. chromium
- B. iron
- C. molybdenum
- D. selenium
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Chromium is essential for proper glucose metabolism. A deficiency in chromium can result in insulin resistance, which shares similarities with diabetes. Iron, molybdenum, and selenium deficiencies do not directly lead to a diabetes-like condition. Iron deficiency causes anemia, molybdenum deficiency is rare and can lead to specific metabolic issues, and selenium deficiency may result in thyroid problems but not a diabetes-like condition.
What is the desirable resting systolic blood pressure for adults?
- A. <130 mmHg>
- B. <105 mmHg>
- C. <120 mmHg>
- D. <140 mmHg>
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The desirable resting systolic blood pressure for adults is less than 120 mmHg. This blood pressure is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. Measurements higher than 120 mmHg (choices A and D) indicate elevated blood pressure, which can lead to hypertension and other health complications if not managed. A reading of less than 105 mmHg (choice B) could indicate low blood pressure, which also poses health risks such as dizziness and fainting.