Nokea
Which of the ff is a sign or symptom characteristic of the later stages of TB?
- A. Fatigue
- B. Anorexia
- C. Hemoptysis
- D. Weight loss
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Hemoptysis, which refers to coughing up blood, is a sign characteristic of the later stages of tuberculosis (TB). This symptom occurs when there is significant damage to the lungs due to the progression of the disease. Hemoptysis in TB can indicate advanced disease and the presence of cavities in the lungs where blood vessels may become eroded. It is a serious symptom that often requires immediate medical attention. While fatigue, anorexia, and weight loss are common symptoms of TB, hemoptysis specifically points towards the later stages of the disease and severe lung involvement.
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A patient who has just had a TURP asks his nurse to explain why he has to have the bladder irrigation because it seems to increase his pain. Which of the following explanations by the nurse is best?
- A. "The bladder irrigation is needed to stop the bleeding in the bladder."
- B. "Antibiotics are being administered into the bladder to prevent infection."
- C. "The irrigation is needed to keep the catheter from becoming occluded by blood clots."
- D. "Normal production of urine is maintained with the irrigations until healing can occur."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The best explanation for the patient is option C, which states, "The irrigation is needed to keep the catheter from becoming occluded by blood clots." After a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), it is common for the patient to have some bleeding in the bladder. Bladder irrigation is done to prevent blood clots from forming and blocking the catheter. Keeping the catheter patent is important to ensure proper drainage of urine and prevent complications such as urinary retention. While the other options are related to potential reasons for bladder irrigation, option C directly addresses the immediate concern of preventing catheter occlusion by blood clots post-TURP surgery.
Which of the following guidekines does not observe surgical asepisi in the operating room?
- A. sterile articles may touch other sterile articles or surface and remain sterile
- B. gowns of surgical team are considered sterile in front from the chest down to the bottom of the gown
- C. whenever a sterile barrier is breached, the area must be considered contaminated
- D. sterile drapes are used to create a sterile field
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This statement is incorrect and does not observe surgical asepsis in the operating room. In surgical asepsis, it is crucial that sterile articles do not touch other sterile articles or surfaces to prevent contamination. Any contact between sterile items or surfaces can lead to the transfer of microorganisms, compromising the sterility of the environment. Maintaining a sterile field is essential to prevent surgical site infections and ensure the safety of the patient undergoing the procedure.
recurrent urinary tract infection in children cause:
- A. arthritis
- B. recurrent rash
- C. growth disturbance
- D. behavioral disturbances
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children can potentially cause growth disturbance. UTIs in children can result in poor weight gain, failure to thrive, and reduced height due to the stress and inflammatory response on the body. Chronic inflammation from recurrent UTIs can affect a child's overall health and development, leading to growth disturbances. It is essential to promptly treat and prevent recurrent UTIs in children to avoid potential long-term complications such as growth disturbances. Arthritis, recurrent rash, and behavioral disturbances are not typically associated with recurrent UTIs in children.
Immunization of children with Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine decreases the incidence of which of the following conditions?
- A. Bronchiolitis
- B. Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB)
- C. Epiglottitis
- D. Pneumonia
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Immunization of children with Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine decreases the incidence of severe infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteria, including epiglottitis. Epiglottitis is a serious condition where the epiglottis, a flap of tissue that sits at the base of the tongue, becomes inflamed and can swell, potentially blocking the airway and leading to respiratory distress and even death. By vaccinating children against Hib, the risk of developing epiglottitis is significantly reduced. The Hib vaccine is a crucial component of childhood immunization programs to prevent life-threatening diseases caused by Hib bacteria, including epiglottitis.
The nurse understands that labyrinthitis is treated primarily with which of the ff. drug categories?
- A. Antihistamines
- B. Anti-inflammatories
- C. Antispasmotics
- D. Antiemetics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Labyrinthitis is an inner ear disorder that is often caused by a viral infection. Antihistamines are commonly used in the treatment of labyrinthitis to help reduce symptoms such as dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Antihistamines work by blocking the effects of histamine, which is a chemical in the body that can cause these symptoms. Additionally, antihistamines can help alleviate any associated allergies or inflammation in the inner ear that may be contributing to the condition. Other treatment options for labyrinthitis may include vestibular rehabilitation exercises, antiemetics for nausea and vomiting, and medications to manage dizziness.