Nokea
Which of the following allows the skull to rotate on the neck?
- A. Vertebral foramen
- B. Spinous process
- C. Atlas
- D. Sacrum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The atlas is the first cervical vertebra that supports the skull and allows it to rotate on the neck. The vertebral foramen is an opening in the vertebra for the spinal cord, and the spinous process is a bony projection, not involved in rotation.
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Which of the following triangular areas of the human body is described as the perineum?
- A. The area between the nipples on the chest and the belly button.
- B. The area on the back between the neck and the two shoulder blades.
- C. The area that contains the orifices of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems.
- D. The area between the edges of the eyes and the chin.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The perineum is the specific triangular region in the pelvic area that houses the openings of the urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems. It is essential for supporting these vital bodily functions. The other options describe different anatomical areas that are not related to the perineum. Understanding the location and function of the perineum is crucial for healthcare professionals to provide accurate assessments and care to patients.
Which of the following substances is excreted by the sweat glands in response to the breakdown of proteins and the formation of ammonia?
- A. Lysozymes
- B. Water
- C. Urea
- D. Sebum
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is Urea. Sweat glands excrete urea in response to the breakdown of proteins and the formation of ammonia. Urea is a waste product formed in the liver by the breakdown of amino acids. It is then excreted by the kidneys in urine and by sweat glands through perspiration. Urea plays a vital role in the excretory process by helping eliminate nitrogenous wastes from the body and maintaining proper physiological balance.
Why does dipping an apple slice in lemon juice prevent it from browning through an enzymatic reaction?
- A. Lemon juice has a pH that inactivates the enzymes.
- B. Lemon juice has enzymes that reverse the browning.
- C. Lemon juice functions to dilute the brown material.
- D. Lemon juice functions to bleach the brown material.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Lemon juice has a pH that inactivates the enzymes. Enzymatic browning in apples is caused by the enzyme polyphenol oxidase. When an apple is sliced, the enzyme comes into contact with oxygen in the air, leading to the browning process. Lemon juice contains citric acid, which lowers the pH of the apple's surface, creating an acidic environment that inactivates the polyphenol oxidase enzyme, thus preventing the browning reaction. This acidic environment denatures the enzyme, rendering it unable to catalyze the browning reaction. Therefore, by dipping the apple slice in lemon juice, the enzymatic activity that causes browning is effectively inhibited, maintaining the apple's color and freshness.
Which of the following is classified as a noninfectious disease?
- A. Dengue
- B. Psoriasis
- C. Chikungunya
- D. Brucellosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Psoriasis is classified as a noninfectious disease because it is linked to an overactive immune system that leads to skin inflammation and rapid skin cell growth. Unlike infectious diseases such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and Brucellosis, which are caused by bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens, Psoriasis does not spread through pathogens. Therefore, Psoriasis is the correct choice for a noninfectious disease.
Which structure of the female reproductive system is the source of the blood and mucosal tissue during menstruation?
- A. Fallopian Tubes
- B. Endometrium
- C. Cervix
- D. Ovaries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Endometrium. The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus where an embryo implants during pregnancy. If no pregnancy occurs, the endometrial lining sheds during menstruation, leading to the discharge of blood and mucosal tissue. The fallopian tubes are responsible for transporting the egg from the ovary to the uterus. The cervix is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, but they are not the source of blood and mucosal tissue during menstruation.