Nokea
Which of the following bacteria are associated with foodborne illnesses?
- A. Clostridium botulinum
- B. Salmonella enterica
- C. Escherichia coli
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, "All of the above." Clostridium botulinum causes botulism, Salmonella enterica causes salmonellosis, and Escherichia coli can cause foodborne illnesses such as E. coli infection. All three bacteria are associated with foodborne illnesses due to contamination of food or water sources. Therefore, selecting "All of the above" is the most appropriate choice as it includes all the bacteria commonly linked to foodborne illnesses. The other choices (A, B, and C) are incorrect because they do not encompass all the bacteria associated with foodborne illnesses as stated above.
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Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains were found in a wound smear. The bacteria were catalase-negative and beta-hemolytic on blood agar. What is the causative agent?
- A. Streptococcus pyogenes
- B. Staphylococcus aureus
- C. Enterococcus faecalis
- D. Micrococcus luteus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Streptococcus pyogenes. This bacterium fits all the given characteristics: Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains, catalase-negative, and beta-hemolytic on blood agar. Streptococcus pyogenes is known for causing skin and soft tissue infections. Staphylococcus aureus (B) is catalase-positive and typically forms clusters, not chains. Enterococcus faecalis (C) is catalase-negative but not beta-hemolytic. Micrococcus luteus (D) is catalase-positive and not typically associated with wound infections.
Which of the following microorganisms can be cultured only in the footpads of mice or a species of armadillo?
- A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- B. Mycobacterium leprae
- C. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- D. Mycoplasma
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Mycobacterium leprae. This microorganism can only be cultured in the footpads of mice or a species of armadillo due to its specific growth requirements. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (choice A) can be cultured in various culture media in the laboratory. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (choice C) can be cultured on selective media like Thayer-Martin agar. Mycoplasma (choice D) can be cultured in cell cultures or specialized media. Therefore, the unique growth pattern of Mycobacterium leprae makes it the correct answer.
A 9 y.o. child has been taking antibiotics on account of bronchopneumonia for a long time. There appeared pain and burning in the area of mucous membrane of his lips and tongue. Objectively: mucous membrane of lips and tongue has caseous and grey plaques that can be easily removed by a spatula leaving hyperemia foci on their spot. Microscopic examination of the plaques revealed mycelium. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Candidous cheilitis
- B. Exfoliative cheilitis
- C. Leukoplakia
- D. Contactant allergic cheilitis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The most probable diagnosis is A: Candidous cheilitis. Candidous cheilitis is a fungal infection caused by Candida species. In this case, the presence of mycelium on the plaques indicates a fungal infection. The symptoms of pain, burning, and grey plaques that can be easily removed leaving hyperemia are typical for Candidous cheilitis. Choice B (Exfoliative cheilitis) is characterized by scaling and peeling of the lips, not plaques with mycelium. Choice C (Leukoplakia) is a precancerous condition causing white plaques that cannot be easily removed. Choice D (Contactant allergic cheilitis) is an allergic reaction causing inflammation, not fungal plaques.
Which of the following does NOT refer to viruses
- A. cell-free infectious living systems
- B. obligate intracellular parasites
- C. they have either DNA or RNA as genetic material
- D. they are not sensitive to interferon
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because viruses are sensitive to interferon, a natural defense mechanism of the body against viral infections. Interferon helps to inhibit viral replication.
A: Viruses are cell-free infectious particles, not living systems.
B: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites as they require host cells to replicate.
C: Viruses can have either DNA or RNA as genetic material, which is a characteristic feature.
A woman delivered a dead child with multiple developmental defects. What protozoan disease might have caused the intrauterine death?
- A. Toxoplasmosis
- B. Leishmaniasis
- C. Malaria
- D. Amebiasis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by Toxoplasma gondii, which can be transmitted from mother to fetus during pregnancy, leading to congenital toxoplasmosis. This infection can result in stillbirth, multiple developmental defects, and intrauterine death. Leishmaniasis (B), Malaria (C), and Amebiasis (D) are caused by different parasites and do not typically lead to intrauterine death or developmental defects in the fetus.