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Which of the following bacteria is associated with the disease tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium known to cause tuberculosis.
Step 2: Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, not tuberculosis.
Step 3: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, not tuberculosis.
Step 4: Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, not tuberculosis.
Conclusion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the correct answer as it is the only bacterium associated with tuberculosis among the choices provided.
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Infectious mononucleosis most often occurs in:
- A. infants
- B. adolescents
- C. young adults
- D. the elderly
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: adolescents. Infectious mononucleosis is commonly caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, which is transmitted through saliva. Adolescents are more likely to engage in activities like kissing and sharing drinks, increasing the chances of virus transmission. Infants have maternal antibodies for protection, young adults may have developed immunity, and the elderly have had more exposure to the virus and may have built immunity over time.
An enzyme process of producing two identical copies of DNA from one original DNA molecule is called:
- A. Translation
- B. Transcription
- C. Replication
- D. Cell division
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Replication. In DNA replication, the original DNA molecule is unwound and each strand serves as a template to synthesize a new complementary strand. This results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule. Translation (A) is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA. Transcription (B) is the process of synthesizing mRNA from DNA. Cell division (D) is the process of a cell dividing into two daughter cells, not specifically producing identical DNA copies. Therefore, replication is the correct answer as it specifically refers to the process of copying DNA to produce two identical copies.
A 28 y.o. patient without permanent residence was admitted to the hospital with the preliminary diagnosis influenza. On the fith day of illness he got a maculopapular petechial rash on his body and internal surfaces of extremities. Body temperature is 410 C, euphoria, face hyperemia, sclera reddening, tongue tremor, tachycardia, splenomegaly, excitement. What is the most probable diagnosis?
- A. Epidemic typhus
- B. Delirium alcoholicum
- C. Leptospirosis
- D. Measles
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Initial diagnosis of influenza suggests a viral illness.
Step 2: Presence of maculopapular petechial rash and high fever indicates a systemic infection.
Step 3: Symptoms like euphoria, hyperemia, tachycardia, splenomegaly, and excitement are characteristic of epidemic typhus.
Step 4: Face hyperemia, sclera reddening, and tongue tremor are specific to epidemic typhus.
Step 5: Epidemic typhus is transmitted by body lice, which fits the scenario of a patient without permanent residence.
Summary:
- Delirium alcoholicum is unlikely due to the specific symptoms and lack of history of alcohol abuse.
- Leptospirosis typically presents with jaundice and renal symptoms, not seen in this case.
- Measles rash is different from the maculopapular petechial rash described.
Genus Rickettsia representatives are characterized by:
- A. Gram-positive cell wall
- B. High resistance to external environment factors
- C. Intracellular parasitism
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Intracellular parasitism. Genus Rickettsia representatives are known for their ability to live and replicate inside the host's cells, making them obligate intracellular parasites. This characteristic distinguishes them from other bacteria.
A: Gram-positive cell wall is incorrect because Rickettsia have a gram-negative cell wall.
B: High resistance to external environment factors is incorrect because Rickettsia are sensitive to environmental conditions and require specific host cells for survival.
D: None of the above is incorrect because Rickettsia do exhibit the characteristic of intracellular parasitism.
A 45-year-old patient complains of fever up to 40oC, general weakness, headache and spasmodic contraction of muscles in the region of a shin wound. The patient got injured five days ago when tilling soil and didn't seek medical attention. What kind of wound infection can be suspected?
- A. Tetanus
- B. Anthrax
- C. Erysipelas
- D. Gram-positive
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: The patient's symptoms align with tetanus infection, such as muscle spasms and fever.
Step 2: Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria found in soil.
Step 3: The wound from tilling soil provides an entry point for the bacteria.
Step 4: Delayed seeking medical attention increases the risk of tetanus development.
Step 5: Tetanus toxin affects the nervous system, leading to muscle stiffness and spasms.
Summary: Choice A is correct due to symptom alignment, bacterial source, wound type, delayed treatment, and specific neurological effects. Choices B, C, and D lack these specific connections to the given scenario.