Nokea
Which of the following characteristics does not refer to the flu vaccine
- A. it is a recommended vaccine
- B. it is a subunit vaccine
- C. it is administered parenterally
- D. it stimulates mainly the local immunity
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because the flu vaccine primarily stimulates systemic immunity rather than local immunity. It is administered parenterally (C) as it is injected into the body. It is a subunit vaccine (B) as it contains only specific antigens of the virus. It is a recommended vaccine (A) due to its effectiveness in preventing influenza. In summary, D is the correct choice as the flu vaccine mainly targets systemic immunity, not local immunity, unlike the other characteristics listed.
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Each of the following statements about Neisseria meningitidis is correct, EXCEPT
- A. during meningococcemia Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome may be present
- B. Disease is most common in children younger than age 5
- C. There is an obligatory vaccine in Bulgaria
- D. infection is transmitted by respiratory secretions in close contacts
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because there is no obligatory vaccine for Neisseria meningitidis in Bulgaria. The rationale for this is that while vaccines are available for meningococcal disease, they are not mandatory in Bulgaria. Therefore, this statement is incorrect.
A: This statement is correct as Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome can occur during meningococcemia due to rapid progression of the infection leading to adrenal gland failure.
B: This statement is incorrect as Neisseria meningitidis is most common in infants, children, and adolescents, with a second peak in young adults.
D: This statement is correct as Neisseria meningitidis is transmitted through respiratory secretions, such as coughing or kissing, especially in close contacts like household members or roommates.
The bacterium that shows swarming on blood agar
- A. providencia stuartii
- B. providencia rettgeri
- C. Proteus mirabilis
- D. morganella morganii
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Proteus mirabilis. This bacterium shows swarming on blood agar due to its ability to produce flagella and exhibit rapid and coordinated movement. Providencia stuartii and Providencia rettgeri are not known for swarming behavior on blood agar. Morganella morganii can exhibit swarming motility, but it is not as commonly associated with this characteristic compared to Proteus mirabilis, making C the most appropriate choice.
A bacterial colony is:
- A. Visible formation, formed by clustering of cells, belonging to different bacterial species
- B. Formed only on a liquid nutrient medium
- C. Both are incorrect
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: A bacterial colony is a visible formation: Correct as colonies are visible to the naked eye.
Step 2: Formed by clustering of cells: Correct as colonies are made up of numerous bacterial cells.
Step 3: Belonging to different bacterial species: Correct as colonies can consist of one or multiple species.
Summary:
Choice A is correct as it accurately describes a bacterial colony. Choice B is incorrect as colonies can also form on solid nutrient mediums. Choice C is incorrect as choice A is correct. Choice D is incorrect as there is a correct option provided.
Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing peptic ulcers?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Helicobacter pylori
- C. Streptococcus pyogenes
- D. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Helicobacter pylori. This bacterium is known to be the primary cause of peptic ulcers by colonizing the stomach lining and causing inflammation. It produces urease enzyme to neutralize stomach acid and has a flagellum for mobility. Escherichia coli (A) is mainly associated with foodborne illnesses. Streptococcus pyogenes (C) causes strep throat and skin infections. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (D) causes tuberculosis, a respiratory infection. Therefore, Helicobacter pylori is the correct choice for peptic ulcers based on its unique characteristics and pathogenicity.
A patient with pneumonia had sputum cultured, revealing Gram-negative rods. The bacteria were lactose fermenters and produced green colonies on MacConkey agar. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Klebsiella pneumoniae
- C. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- D. Proteus mirabilis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Gram-negative rods suggest Enterobacteriaceae family.
2. Lactose fermenters narrow down to E. coli.
3. Green colonies on MacConkey agar indicate acid production.
4. E. coli is a common cause of pneumonia.
Therefore, the most likely causative agent is Escherichia coli. Other choices are incorrect as Klebsiella is non-lactose fermenter, Pseudomonas is oxidase-positive, and Proteus is non-lactose fermenter.