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Which of the following bacteria is responsible for causing the disease known as whooping cough?
- A. Bordetella pertussis
- B. Clostridium tetani
- C. Haemophilus influenzae
- D. Staphylococcus aureus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Bordetella pertussis is the causative agent of whooping cough, also known as pertussis.
Step 2: This bacterium produces toxins that damage the respiratory tract, leading to severe coughing fits.
Step 3: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus, Haemophilus influenzae causes respiratory infections, and Staphylococcus aureus causes skin infections.
Step 4: Therefore, A is the correct answer as it is the only bacterium directly associated with whooping cough.
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A Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium was isolated from a patient with cholera. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Shigella dysenteriae
- C. Salmonella typhi
- D. Campylobacter jejuni
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Vibrio cholerae. This is because Vibrio cholerae is a Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacterium known to cause cholera. The characteristic shape and the association with cholera make it the most likely causative agent in this case.
Explanation for incorrect choices:
B: Shigella dysenteriae - Shigella dysenteriae is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes bacillary dysentery, not cholera.
C: Salmonella typhi - Salmonella typhi is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes typhoid fever, not cholera.
D: Campylobacter jejuni - Campylobacter jejuni is a Gram-negative bacterium that commonly causes foodborne gastroenteritis, not cholera.
Which of the following bacteria is associated with the disease tuberculosis?
- A. Mycobacterium leprae
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Streptococcus pneumoniae
- D. Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a bacterium known to cause tuberculosis.
Step 2: Mycobacterium leprae causes leprosy, not tuberculosis.
Step 3: Streptococcus pneumoniae causes pneumonia, not tuberculosis.
Step 4: Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes gonorrhea, not tuberculosis.
Conclusion: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the correct answer as it is the only bacterium associated with tuberculosis among the choices provided.
The bacterium that shows swarming on blood agar
- A. providencia stuartii
- B. providencia rettgeri
- C. Proteus mirabilis
- D. morganella morganii
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Proteus mirabilis. This bacterium shows swarming on blood agar due to its ability to produce flagella and exhibit rapid and coordinated movement. Providencia stuartii and Providencia rettgeri are not known for swarming behavior on blood agar. Morganella morganii can exhibit swarming motility, but it is not as commonly associated with this characteristic compared to Proteus mirabilis, making C the most appropriate choice.
F pili:
- A. Are made up of nucleotides
- B. Are transferred to the recipient cell
- C. Are proteins on the F+ donor that are attached to specific receptors of the recipient's cell wall
- D. Are part of the recipient cell for attachment to the donor cell
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because F pili are proteins on the F+ donor cell that are attached to specific receptors on the recipient cell's cell wall. This is essential for the transfer of genetic material during conjugation. Choice A is incorrect because F pili are not made up of nucleotides, but rather proteins. Choice B is incorrect because F pili are not transferred to the recipient cell itself, but they facilitate the transfer of genetic material. Choice D is incorrect because F pili are not part of the recipient cell, but rather part of the donor cell for attachment to the recipient cell.
Which bacteria is commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections due to its ability to cause a wide range of infections and its resistance to multiple antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections, making it a significant threat in healthcare settings. Escherichia coli (choice A) is more commonly associated with foodborne illnesses. Clostridium difficile (choice B) is known for causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Bacillus anthracis (choice D) is primarily associated with anthrax infections, which are not typically acquired in hospital settings.