Nokea
What preparations are used for prevention of fungal infection?
- A. Fluconozol, Orungal, Nisoral
- B. Rubomycin, Bleomycin, Mytomycin C
- C. Cytosar, Cormyctin, Lomycitin
- D. Captopril, Enalapril
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because Fluconazole, Orungal, and Nizoral are antifungal medications commonly used for prevention of fungal infections. Fluconazole is a systemic antifungal agent, Orungal (Itraconazole) is used for various fungal infections, and Nizoral (Ketoconazole) is effective against a wide range of fungal infections. Choices B, C, and D do not contain antifungal medications and are unrelated to preventing fungal infections.
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Which of the following viruses can cause hemorrhagic cystitis?
- A. BK virus
- B. Enteroviruses
- C. Flaviviruses
- D. Coronaviruses
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: BK virus. BK virus is a common cause of hemorrhagic cystitis, especially in immunocompromised individuals. It infects the urinary tract, leading to inflammation and bleeding in the bladder. Enteroviruses, Flaviviruses, and Coronaviruses do not typically cause hemorrhagic cystitis. Enteroviruses usually cause respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, Flaviviruses are commonly associated with diseases like dengue fever and Zika virus, and Coronaviruses are known for causing respiratory illnesses such as COVID-19. Hence, the correct answer is A as it is the only virus among the options known to cause hemorrhagic cystitis.
A 35-year-old patient with a severe respiratory infection had sputum that showed Gram-negative, comma-shaped bacteria. What is the likely causative agent?
- A. Vibrio cholerae
- B. Shigella dysenteriae
- C. Campylobacter jejuni
- D. Helicobacter pylori
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Campylobacter jejuni. This bacterium is Gram-negative and comma-shaped, commonly causing respiratory infections. Vibrio cholerae (A) causes cholera, not respiratory infections. Shigella dysenteriae (B) causes dysentery, not respiratory infections. Helicobacter pylori (D) is associated with gastric ulcers, not respiratory infections. Therefore, Campylobacter jejuni is the most likely causative agent based on the given information.
Granulomatosis infantiseptica is caused by:
- A. Staphylococcus aureus
- B. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- C. Listeria monocytogenes
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Granulomatosis infantiseptica is commonly caused by Listeria monocytogenes, a bacterium known to infect newborns. It can lead to granulomatous lesions in various organs. Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are not typical causes of this condition in infants. Choice D is incorrect as it suggests all listed bacteria are responsible, which is not accurate. Therefore, the correct answer is C as Listeria monocytogenes is the specific pathogen associated with granulomatosis infantiseptica.
A wound swab from a patient with a deep tissue infection revealed Gram-positive rods with terminal spores. What is the most likely causative agent?
- A. Clostridium perfringens
- B. Bacillus anthracis
- C. Clostridium tetani
- D. Bacillus cereus
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Clostridium perfringens. This is because Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive rod bacterium that forms terminal spores. It is commonly associated with deep tissue infections and can cause gas gangrene. Bacillus anthracis (B) causes anthrax and does not typically form spores at the terminal end. Clostridium tetani (C) causes tetanus and Bacillus cereus (D) is more commonly associated with food poisoning. In this case, the presence of terminal spores along with the clinical presentation of a deep tissue infection points towards Clostridium perfringens as the most likely causative agent.
The main function of siderophores in bacteria is:
- A. to enhance antibiotic resistance
- B. to sequester iron from the environment
- C. to form capsules
- D. to perform oxidative phosphorylation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: to sequester iron from the environment. Siderophores are molecules produced by bacteria to chelate and acquire iron, an essential nutrient for their growth and survival. By sequestering iron, bacteria can compete with host cells and other microbes for this vital resource. This enhances their ability to thrive and establish infections. Choices A, C, and D are incorrect because siderophores do not directly enhance antibiotic resistance, form capsules, or perform oxidative phosphorylation. These functions are unrelated to the primary role of siderophores in iron acquisition.