Nokea
Which bacteria is commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Clostridium difficile
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. Bacillus anthracis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Staphylococcus aureus. This bacterium is commonly associated with hospital-acquired infections due to its ability to cause a wide range of infections and its resistance to multiple antibiotics. Staphylococcus aureus can cause skin infections, pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and surgical site infections, making it a significant threat in healthcare settings. Escherichia coli (choice A) is more commonly associated with foodborne illnesses. Clostridium difficile (choice B) is known for causing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Bacillus anthracis (choice D) is primarily associated with anthrax infections, which are not typically acquired in hospital settings.
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How many types of herpes simplex virus are there?
- A. 1
- B. 2
- C. 3
- D. 4
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because there are two types of herpes simplex virus: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, while HSV-2 usually causes genital herpes. Choice A is incorrect because there is more than one type. Choices C and D are also incorrect as there are only two types of herpes simplex virus known to infect humans.
Variola virus of the orthopoxvirus family causes the acute, highly contagious disease:
- A. smallpox
- B. jock itch
- C. ringworm
- D. shingles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: I'm sorry, but there seems to be a mistake in the question provided. The correct answer should be A: smallpox. Variola virus indeed causes smallpox, not jock itch. Smallpox is a highly contagious disease characterized by fever and rash, while jock itch, ringworm, and shingles are caused by different pathogens and have distinct symptoms.
Which of the following bacteria are capable of surviving in low-oxygen environments?
- A. Obligate anaerobes
- B. Facultative anaerobes
- C. Obligate aerobes
- D. Microaerophiles
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Facultative anaerobes. Facultative anaerobes can survive in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor environments by switching between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. They have the flexibility to use oxygen if present but can also ferment in the absence of oxygen. Obligate anaerobes (A) cannot survive in the presence of oxygen, obligate aerobes (C) require oxygen for survival, and microaerophiles (D) require low levels of oxygen for growth, unlike facultative anaerobes.
Bacteria that thrive in high salt concentrations are called:
- A. acidophiles
- B. thermophiles
- C. halophiles
- D. mesophiles
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: halophiles. Halophiles are bacteria that thrive in high salt concentrations due to their ability to regulate osmotic pressure. They have adapted mechanisms to survive in such extreme environments. Option A, acidophiles, thrive in acidic conditions, not high salt concentrations. Option B, thermophiles, thrive in high temperature environments. Option D, mesophiles, thrive in moderate temperature conditions, not necessarily high salt concentrations. Therefore, the correct choice is C as it specifically refers to bacteria that thrive in high salt concentrations.
Which of the following bacteria are known for causing urinary tract infections?
- A. Escherichia coli
- B. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- C. Staphylococcus aureus
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D (All of the above) because all three bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) are known to cause urinary tract infections. E. coli is the most common causative agent of UTIs due to its ability to colonize the urethra. P. aeruginosa can cause UTIs in hospitalized patients with catheters. S. aureus is less common but can lead to UTIs, especially in individuals with underlying health conditions. Therefore, all three bacteria are potential pathogens for UTIs. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because each of these bacteria can individually cause UTIs, making the correct answer D.