Nokea
Which of the following best describes the relationship between innate and adaptive immunity?
- A. Innate immunity suppresses adaptive immunity
- B. Adaptive immunity enhances innate immune functions
- C. Innate immunity activates and stimulates adaptive immunity
- D. They function entirely independently of each other
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because innate immunity plays a crucial role in initiating and influencing adaptive immunity. Innate immunity activates and stimulates adaptive immune responses by recognizing pathogens and initiating the adaptive immune system to produce specific responses. This relationship is essential for the body's overall immune defense.
Choice A is incorrect because innate immunity does not suppress adaptive immunity; instead, they work together synergistically. Choice B is incorrect because adaptive immunity does not enhance innate immune functions, but rather complements them. Choice D is incorrect because innate and adaptive immunity are interconnected and work together to provide comprehensive immune protection.
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The annotation B refers to which DNA component?
- A. Recombinant DNA
- B. Plasmid DNA
- C. Vector DNA
- D. Insert DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Vector DNA. In genetic engineering, a vector is a DNA molecule used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell. Plasmid DNA (choice B) is a type of vector, but not all vectors are plasmids. Recombinant DNA (choice A) refers to DNA that has been artificially created by combining DNA from different sources. Insert DNA (choice D) is the foreign genetic material that is inserted into a vector. Therefore, the most specific and accurate choice is C, Vector DNA, as it encompasses all types of vectors used in genetic engineering.
Which of the following statements is true about T regulatory cells
- A. Can produce TGF-β as a regulatory cytokine
- B. Express AIRE
- C. Can control the response of TH1 cells but not that of TH2 cells
- D. Act by killing other T cell subsets
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Rationale:
A. T regulatory cells can produce TGF-β, which is a key immunosuppressive cytokine regulating immune responses.
B. T regulatory cells do not express AIRE, a transcription factor mainly involved in central tolerance.
C. T regulatory cells can control both TH1 and TH2 responses, maintaining immune homeostasis.
D. T regulatory cells do not act by killing other T cell subsets, but rather through suppressive cytokines and cell-cell interactions.
Acute-phase proteins include
- A. Selectins
- B. Mannose binding lectin (MBL)
- C. Lysozyme
- D. Defensins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: Acute-phase proteins are a group of proteins produced by the liver in response to inflammation or infection.
Step 2: Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is an acute-phase protein that plays a role in the innate immune response.
Step 3: MBL binds to pathogens and activates the complement system to enhance immune responses.
Step 4: Selectins are cell adhesion molecules, not acute-phase proteins.
Step 5: Lysozyme is an enzyme that destroys bacterial cell walls, not typically classified as an acute-phase protein.
Step 6: Defensins are antimicrobial peptides, not typically classified as acute-phase proteins.
Summary:
MBL is the correct choice as it is a well-known acute-phase protein involved in the immune response. Selectins, Lysozyme, and Defensins are not typically classified as acute-phase proteins and are involved in different functions.
Which scientist is credited with introducing the germ theory of disease?
- A. Louis Pasteur
- B. Edward Jenner
- C. Elie Metchnikoff
- D. Paul Ehrlich
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Louis Pasteur is credited with introducing the germ theory of disease. He conducted experiments that demonstrated the role of microorganisms in causing infections. He also developed pasteurization to kill harmful bacteria in food and beverages. Edward Jenner is known for developing the smallpox vaccine, not the germ theory. Elie Metchnikoff studied the immune system and phagocytosis. Paul Ehrlich is known for his work on chemotherapy and the concept of the "magic bullet," targeting specific pathogens.
Match the following:
- A. 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
- B. 1-b, 2-d, 3-c, 4-a
- C. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c
- D. 1-d, 2-c, 3-a, 4-b
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c.
1. The first match should be b, as it aligns with the order given.
2. The second match should be d, as it aligns with the order given.
3. The third match should be a, as it aligns with the order given.
4. The fourth match should be c, as it aligns with the order given.
Therefore, option C is the correct match based on the given order. Other choices are incorrect because they do not align with the given order of matches.