Nokea
An adult skeleton had 206 bones. The skeleton has two major divisions: the axil skeleton and the appendicular skeleton. The axial skeleton, which consists of 80 bones including the skull, vertebrae, and rib, is located down the center of the body. The axial skeleton protects vital organs such as the brain and heart. The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 ones of the arms, legs, and the bones that attach these bones to the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton includes the scapulae (shoulder blades), clavicles (collarbones), and pelvic (hip) bones.
Which of the following bones are located in the hand?
- A. fibula
- B. metacarpals
- C. metatarsals
- D. ulna
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B, metacarpals. The metacarpals are the bones located in the hand, making up the palm and connecting to the fingers (phalanges) and wrist bones (carpals). The fibula and ulna are located in the leg and arm respectively, while the metatarsals are found in the foot. The axial skeleton consists of bones down the center of the body, including the skull, vertebrae, and ribs, while the appendicular skeleton includes bones of the arms, legs, and their attachments to the axial skeleton.
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The area known as the Bermuda Triangle has become such a part of popular culture that it can be difficult to separate fact from fiction. The interest first began when five Navy planes vanished in 1945, officially resulting from "causes or reasons unknown." The explanations about other accidents in the Triangle range from the scientific to the supernatural. Researchers have never been able to find anything truly mysterious about what happens in the Bermuda Triangle, if there even is a Bermuda Triangle. What is more, one of the biggest challenges in considering the
phenomenon is deciding how much area actually represents the Bermuda Triangle. Most consider
the Triangle to stretch from Miami out to Puerto Rico and to include the island of Bermuda.
Others expand the area to include all of the Caribbean islands and to extend eastward as far as the
Azores, which are closer to Europe than they are to North America.
The problem with having a larger Bermuda Triangle is that it increases the odds of accidents.
There is near-constant travel, by ship and by plane, across the Atlantic, and accidents are expected
to occur. In fact, the Bermuda triangle happens to fall within one of the busiest navigational
regions in the world, and the reality of greater activity creates the possibility for more to go wrong.
Shipping records suggest that there is not a greater than average loss of vessels within the
Bermuda Triangle, and many researchers have argued that the reputation of the Triangle makes
any accidents seem out of the ordinary. In fact, most accidents fall within the expected margin of
error. The Increase in ships from East Asia no doubt contributes to an increase in accidents. And
as for the story of the Navy planes that disappeared within the Triangle, many researchers now
conclude that it was the result of mistakes on the part of the pilots who were flying into storm
clouds and simply got lost.
Which of the following sentences is most representative of a summary sentence for this passage?
- A. The problem with having a larger Bermuda Triangle is that it increases the odds of accidents.
- B. The area that is called the Bermuda Triangle happens to fall within one of the busiest navigational regions in the world, and the reality of greater activity creates the possibility for more to go wrong.
- C. One of the biggest challenges in considering the phenomenon is deciding how much area actually represents the Bermuda Triangle.
- D. Researchers have never been able to find anything truly mysterious about what happens in the Bermuda Triangle, if there even is a Bermuda Triangle.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. This sentence is the best summary statement for the entire passage because it succinctly captures the main idea of the author's discussion about the Bermuda Triangle. It highlights the lack of concrete evidence found by researchers regarding the mysterious occurrences in the Bermuda Triangle, effectively summarizing the overall tone and content of the passage. Choice A talks about the increased odds of accidents but does not capture the essence of the passage. Choice B discusses the navigational regions and the possibility of accidents, which is not the central theme of the passage. Choice C mentions the challenge of defining the Bermuda Triangle's area, which is a detail rather than a summary of the passage.
How are Hypotheses Confirmed? Most scientists agree that while the scientific method is an invaluable methodological tool, it is not a failsafe method for arriving at object ruth. It is a debatable, for example, whether a hypothesis can actually be confirmed by experience. When a hypothesis is of the form "All x and y," it is commonly believed that a piece of evidence that is both x and y confirms the hypothesis. For example, for the hypothesis "All monkeys are hairy," a particular monkey that is hairy is thought to be a confirming piece of evidence for the hypothesis. A problem arises when one encounters evidence that disproves a hypothesis: while no scientist would argue that one piece of evidence proves a hypothesis, it is possible for one piece of evidence to disprove a hypothesis. To return to the monkey example, one hairless monkey out of one billion hairy monkeys disproves the hypothesis "All monkeys are hairy." Single pieces of evidence then, seem to affect to given hypothesis in radically different ways. For this reason, the confirmation of hypotheses is better described as probabilistic. Hypotheses that can only be proven or disproven based on evidence need to be based on probability because sample sets for such hypotheses are too large. Int eh monkey example, every single monkey in the history of monkeys would need to be examined before the hypothesis could be proven or disproven. By making confirmation a function of probability, one may make provisional or working conclusions the tallow for the possibility of given hypothesis being disconfirmed in the future. Int he monkey case, then, encountering a hairy monkey would slighting rise the probability that "all monkeys are hairy," while encountering a hairless monkey would slightly decrease the probability that "all monkeys are hairy." This method of confirming hypotheses is both counterintuitive and controversial, but it allows for evidence to equitably affect hypotheses and it does not require infinite sample sets for confirmation or disconfirmation.
A synonym for disconfirmed would be:
- A. proven
- B. dissipated
- C. distilled
- D. disproven
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The word 'disconfirmed' can be understood by breaking down 'disconfirm,' where 'dis' indicates 'not' and 'confirm' means 'to prove.' Therefore, 'disconfirmed' means 'not proven,' which aligns with the meaning of 'disproven.' In the given passage, it is mentioned that evidence can disprove a hypothesis, not necessarily prove it. This supports the synonymity between 'disconfirmed' and 'disproven.'
Choice A ('proven') is incorrect because 'proven' is the opposite of 'disconfirmed.'
Choice B ('dissipated') is incorrect as it means to disappear or scatter, not related to disproving a hypothesis.
Choice C ('distilled') is incorrect as it means to purify a liquid through heating and cooling, not related to proving or disproving hypotheses.
George Washington emerged out of the American Revolution as an unlikely
champion of liberty. On June 14, 1775, the Second Continental Congress
created the Continental Army, and John Adams, serving in the Congress,
nominated Washington to be its first commander. Washington fought under
the British during the French and Indian War, and his experience and prestige
proved instrumental to the American war effort. Washington provided
invaluable leadership, training, and strategy during the Revolutionary War. He
emerged from the war as the embodiment of liberty and freedom from
tyranny.
After vanquishing the heavily favored British forces, Washington could have
pronounced himself as the autocratic leader of the former colonies without
any opposition, but he famously refused and returned to his Mount Vernon
plantation. His restraint proved his commitment to the fledgling state's
republicanism. Washington was later unanimously elected as the first
American president. But it is Washington's farewell address that cemented his
legacy as a visionary worthy of study.
In 1796, President Washington issued his farewell address by public letter.
Washington enlisted his good friend, Alexander Hamilton, in drafting his
most famous address. The letter expressed Washington's faith in the
Constitution and rule of law. He encouraged his fellow Americans to put aside
partisan differences and establish a national union. Washington warned
Americans against meddling in foreign affairs and entering military alliances.
Additionally, he stated his opposition to national political parties, which he
considered partisan and counterproductive.
Americans would be wise to remember Washington's farewell, especially
during presidential elections when politics hits a fever pitch. They might want
to question the political institutions that were not planned by the Founding Fathers, such as the nomination process and political parties themselves.
In which of the following materials would the author be most likely to include this passage?
- A. A history textbook
- B. An obituary
- C. A fictional story
- D. A newspaper editorial
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A history textbook is the most appropriate place for the passage about George Washington because it provides historical context, factual information, and analysis of significant events related to his life and contributions. The passage discusses Washington's role in the American Revolution, his leadership during the Revolutionary War, his decision to step down after the war, his farewell address, and his views on governance and foreign affairs. This type of detailed historical content is commonly found in history textbooks. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because an obituary focuses on a person's death and life achievements in a brief manner, a fictional story is based on imagination and creativity, and a newspaper editorial typically presents opinions on current events or issues rather than historical accounts.
Mother Jones, who was a labor activist, wrote the following about children working in cotton mills in Alabama: "Little girls and boys, barefooted, walked up and down between the endless rows of spindles, reaching thin little hands into the machinery to repair snapped threads. They crawled under machinery to oil it. They replaced spindles all day long; all night through...six-year-olds with faces of sixty did an eight-hour shift for ten cents a day; the machines, built int he North, were built low for the hands of little children."
What do you predict occurred after Mother Jones's publication about child labor in cotton mills?
- A. More children signed up to work in the factories
- B. Cotton factories in the South closed
- C. Laws were passed to prevent child labor
- D. The pay scale for these children was increased
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: After Mother Jones's publication detailing the harsh conditions of child labor in cotton mills, it is likely that public awareness increased, leading to public outcry. This heightened awareness and outrage often result in legislative actions being taken. Therefore, it is reasonable to predict that laws were passed to prevent child labor, as the excerpt vividly describes the unsafe and exploitative working conditions faced by children. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect because the publication would not have encouraged more children to work in such harsh conditions, led to the closure of cotton factories, or increased the pay scale for child laborers; instead, it would have prompted societal action to protect children from such exploitation.
Announcement for all faculty members: It has come to the university's attention that there is crowding in the faculty canteen between the hours of 11 a.m. and 1 p.m., an issue that is due to the increase in staff numbers in several faculty departments. A number of faculty members have complained that hey stood in line so long that they were unable to get lunch, or did not have time to eat lunch. to offset the crowding, the university has polled the various departments about schedules, and has settled on a recommended rooster for when the members of each department should visit the faculty canteen for lunch: - Business Dept: 10:30 a.m. - 11:30 a.m. - Art Dept: 10:45 a.m. - 11:45 a.m. - Math and Science Dept: 12 p.m. - 1 p.m. - Social Sciences Dept: 12:30 p.m. - 1:30 p.m. - Humanities Dept: 1 p.m. - 2 p.m. We ask that all faculty members respect this schedule. Faculty will be expected to display a department badge before entering the canteen for lunch.
Which best describes the final two sentences of the announcement?
- A. a friendly reminder to all faculty members to bring a badge when entering the canteen
- B. a word of caution to faculty members about trying to enter the canteen at the wrong time
- C. an implied suggestion that faculty members should consider getting lunch elsewhere
- D. an indication of university sanctions for faculty members who enter the canteen outside the schedule
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The final two sentences in the announcement serve as a word of caution to faculty members about trying to enter the canteen at the wrong time. It emphasizes the importance of respecting the given schedule and displaying a department badge before entering for lunch. The tone indicates a warning rather than simply a friendly reminder or a suggestion to eat elsewhere. Choice A is incorrect as the tone is more cautionary than friendly. Choice C is incorrect as there is no implied suggestion to get lunch elsewhere; instead, the focus is on following the recommended schedule. Choice D is incorrect as there is no mention of university sanctions, but rather a request to display a department badge and respect the designated lunch schedules.