Nokea
Which of the following characteristics is true related to chronic illness?
- A. Abrupt onset
- B. Usually single cause
- C. Short latency period
- D. Noninfectious origin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Chronic (or noncommunicable) illnesses are typically characterized as having an uncertain etiology, multiple risk factors, long latency, prolonged duration, and a noninfectious origin and can be associated with impairments or functional disability. Abrupt onset, usually a single cause and cure most likely are characteristic of acute illness.
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According to the World Health Organization's ICF Bio-Psycho-Social Model, which of the following factors is an environmental contextual factor?
- A. Social background
- B. Behaviour pattern
- C. Social attitudes
- D. Coping style
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Contextual factors are composed of external environmental factors (e.g. social attitudes, architectural characteristics, and legal and social structures, as well as climate, terrain, and so forth). The other choices represent internal personal factors (e.g. gender, age, coping styles, social background, education, profession, past and current experience, overall behaviour pattern, character, and other factors that influence how disability is experienced by the individual.
What is the most influential source of self-efficacy?
- A. Mastery
- B. Affective states
- C. Verbal persuasion
- D. Vicarious experience
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Four primary influences shape an individual's self-efficacy beliefs: mastery; vicarious experience; verbal persuasion and other social influences; and physiological and affective states that help us judge our capability and our vulnerability to dysfunction. Mastery reflects a belief about whether or not 'we have what it takes to succeed' and is considered the most influential source of self-efficacy.
Which of the following models view disability as directly caused by disease or trauma?
- A. Social
- B. Nursing
- C. Medical
- D. Collaborative
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The medical model views disability as directly caused by disease, trauma, or another health condition. Disability, from the medical model perspective, necessitates medical care provided in the form of individual treatment by providers to 'correct' the problem with the individual. The social model of disability, conversely, sees disability as a socially created problem and not an inherent attribute of an individual.
Which of the following is an example of multimorbidity?
- A. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a urinary tract infection
- B. Lung cancer and pneumonia
- C. Chronic kidney disease and appendicitis
- D. Diabetes and exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Multimorbidity is the simultaneous occurrence of several chronic medical conditions, which may or may not be related to each other, in the same person. Pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and appendicitis are all acute conditions.
Which of the following statements is true related to nonmodifiable risk factors for chronic illness?
- A. Cannot be changed
- B. Requires intervention in order to change
- C. Can be altered to benefit health outcomes
- D. Can be changed with patient perseverance
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Nonmodifiable risk factors cannot be changed. Requiring intervention in order to change, altering, and changed with perseverance all indicate that change is possible.