Nokea
Which of the following children are abnormal?
- A. 18-month-old who is able to put three blocks on top of each other and has a 2-word vocabulary
- B. 3-month-old who has just attained good head control, and is reaching for objects
- C. 5-year-old with difficulty in reading sentences from a book
- D. Bottom-shuffler who is still not walking at 16 months
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A 5-year-old with difficulty reading sentences from a book may indicate a developmental or learning disorder, which is considered abnormal for that age.
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Severe hypothermia in newborn is defined as temperature below
- A. 28° C
- B. 30° C
- C. 32° C
- D. 34° C
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Severe hypothermia in newborns is defined as a core body temperature below 28° C, which is life-threatening and requires immediate intervention.
A child aged 10 days has ambiguous genitalia:
- A. If a buccal smear is chromatin negative, there is a serious risk of an Addisonian crisis
- B. A raised urinary output of pregnanetriol would confirm a diagnosis of CAR
- C. The finding of the genotype 45 XO would reliably explain the anomaly
- D. If testicles were present in the 'labia', an acceptable explanation would be Klinefelter's syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A raised urinary pregnanetriol indicates congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAR). Chromatin-negative buccal smear suggests male genotype, and 45 XO is Turner syndrome, not related to ambiguous genitalia. Klinefelter's syndrome does not explain testicles in the labia.
Galactosaemia:
- A. Exhibits autosomal recessive inheritance
- B. Is associated with cataracts
- C. Results in a low glucose level
- D. Is due to an inability to convert galactose into glucose
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Galactosaemia is an autosomal recessive disorder. It is associated with cataracts and results from the inability to convert galactose into glucose.
Drugs to be avoided in renal failure include:
- A. Allopurinol
- B. Digoxin
- C. Ceftazidime
- D. Acyclovir
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Digoxin is avoided in renal failure due to its narrow therapeutic index and renal excretion, which can lead to toxicity.
What are THREE long-term complications that can occur after repair of coarctation of the aorta in an infant?
- A. Berry aneurysms
- B. Persistent systemic hypertension
- C. Re-coarctation
- D. All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Long-term follow-up is necessary for patients who have undergone repair of coarctation due to risks of recurrence or complications.