Nokea
Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, leading to hematuria, proteinuria, and hypertension?
- A. Acute tubular necrosis
- B. Acute glomerulonephritis
- C. Chronic kidney disease
- D. Nephrotic syndrome
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Acute glomerulonephritis. Glomerulonephritis is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli in the kidneys, leading to symptoms like hematuria (blood in urine), proteinuria (excess protein in urine), and hypertension (high blood pressure).
Acute tubular necrosis (A) involves damage to the renal tubules, not the glomeruli. Chronic kidney disease (C) refers to long-term kidney damage and may not always present with the classic symptoms mentioned. Nephrotic syndrome (D) involves excessive protein loss in urine but may not always involve inflammation of the glomeruli.
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When a person vaccinated with a Covid-19 vaccine produces antibodies to the disease, the immunity is termed:
- A. Active artificial
- B. Active natural
- C. Passive natural
- D. Passive artificial
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Active artificial immunity. This is because the person's immune system is actively stimulated by the vaccine to produce antibodies against Covid-19. It is considered artificial because it is acquired through vaccination rather than natural exposure to the disease.
B: Active natural immunity is incorrect because it refers to immunity acquired through natural exposure to the disease.
C: Passive natural immunity is incorrect because it refers to temporary immunity passed from mother to baby through breast milk or placenta.
D: Passive artificial immunity is incorrect because it refers to receiving pre-formed antibodies, such as through an injection of antibodies rather than the body producing them itself.
When a nurse supports the welfare of the patient in relation to health, safety and personal rights, the ethical principle followed is
- A. responsibility
- B. accountability
- C. confidentiality
- D. advocacy
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: advocacy. Advocacy involves actively supporting and promoting the welfare and rights of the patient. Nurses advocate for their patients by ensuring their health, safety, and personal rights are upheld. This ethical principle goes beyond just fulfilling responsibilities or being accountable for one's actions. Responsibility (A) focuses on duties and tasks, accountability (B) is about being answerable for one's actions, and confidentiality (C) pertains to maintaining patient privacy. In this context, advocacy is the most appropriate choice as it encompasses actively working to protect and promote the best interests of the patient.
A pregnant woman presents with fever, chills, and abdominal pain localized to the right upper quadrant. On examination, she has tenderness in the right upper abdomen and a positive Murphy's sign. Which of the following conditions is the most likely cause of these symptoms?
- A. Ectopic pregnancy
- B. Pelvic inflammatory disease
- C. Acute cholecystitis
- D. Ovarian torsion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The scenario described in the question is consistent with acute cholecystitis, which is inflammation of the gallbladder usually caused by an impacted gallstone in the cystic duct. The key clinical features of acute cholecystitis include fever, chills, right upper quadrant abdominal pain (which can be localized to the right upper quadrant), tenderness in the right upper abdomen, and a positive Murphy's sign (pain and inspiratory arrest upon palpation of the right upper quadrant). This condition is more common in pregnant women due to hormonal changes that can lead to gallstone formation and subsequent inflammation of the gallbladder. Ectopic pregnancy, pelvic inflammatory disease, and ovarian torsion typically present with different clinical features compared to those described in acute cholecystitis.
Outbreak of cases of typhoid fever occurs in the community. Nurse Keena should inform the residents that the transmission of the disease is through _______.
- A. A vector
- B. Blood and body fluids
- C. Food and water
- D. Air
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Food and water. Typhoid fever is primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. The bacteria are shed in the feces of infected individuals and can contaminate water sources or food prepared with contaminated water. This transmission route aligns with the typical epidemiology of typhoid fever outbreaks.
Now, let's discuss why the other choices are incorrect:
A: A vector - Typhoid fever is not transmitted by a vector such as mosquitoes or ticks.
B: Blood and body fluids - Typhoid fever is not typically spread through blood or body fluids but rather through ingestion of contaminated food or water.
D: Air - Typhoid fever is not an airborne disease and is not transmitted through the air.
A patient with a history of chronic liver disease presents with ecchymoses, mucosal bleeding, and altered mental status. Laboratory tests reveal prolonged PT and aPTT, low fibrinogen levels, and elevated D-dimer. Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause these findings?
- A. Liver cirrhosis
- B. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
- C. Hemophilia A
- D. Vitamin K deficiency
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). In DIC, there is widespread activation of coagulation leading to consumption of clotting factors, resulting in prolonged PT and aPTT, low fibrinogen levels, and elevated D-dimer. This pattern matches the laboratory findings in the patient. In liver cirrhosis (choice A), there is a decrease in clotting factors synthesis, leading to prolonged PT but not aPTT. Hemophilia A (choice C) is a genetic disorder that affects specific clotting factors, typically leading to prolonged aPTT but not PT. Vitamin K deficiency (choice D) impairs the synthesis of clotting factors, leading to prolonged PT but not aPTT and low levels of factors II, VII, IX, and X.