Nokea
Which of the following conditions is not treated with Ephedrine?
- A. COPD
- B. Hypotension
- C. Congestion
- D. Incontinence
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: COPD. Ephedrine is a sympathomimetic drug that acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, leading to vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. It is used to treat hypotension and congestion by increasing blood pressure and dilating airways, respectively. Incontinence is not typically treated with Ephedrine. However, COPD involves bronchoconstriction, which can worsen with Ephedrine due to its vasoconstrictive effects. Therefore, Ephedrine is not used to treat COPD.
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Which of the following is not an effect of the drug isoflurane?
- A. Elevated lipid levels
- B. Nausea
- C. Increased blood flow to the brain
- D. Decreased respiratory function
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane does not cause elevated lipid levels. Isoflurane is a general anesthetic that primarily affects the central nervous system, leading to effects like decreased respiratory function and increased blood flow to the brain. Nausea can also be a side effect of isoflurane due to its impact on the gastrointestinal system. However, there is no direct link between isoflurane and elevated lipid levels. Thus, choice A is the correct answer.
Which of the following is considered a class IA Sodium Channel blocker?
- A. Mexiletine
- B. Amiodarone
- C. Quinidine
- D. Procainamide
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Procainamide. Procainamide is a class IA antiarrhythmic drug that blocks sodium channels, prolonging the action potential duration. This helps to stabilize the heart's rhythm. Mexiletine (A) is a class IB antiarrhythmic drug that blocks sodium channels with fast recovery kinetics. Amiodarone (B) is a class III antiarrhythmic drug that prolongs repolarization by blocking potassium channels. Quinidine (C) is a class IA antiarrhythmic drug that also blocks sodium channels, but it is not a class IB sodium channel blocker like Procainamide.
Which of the following drugs is associated with the reaction of Cinchonism?
- A. Valproic acid
- B. Quinidine
- C. Isoniazid
- D. Ethosuximide
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Quinidine. Cinchonism is a condition caused by the toxicity of Cinchona alkaloids, which are found in drugs like quinine and quinidine. Quinidine is specifically known to cause symptoms of cinchonism such as tinnitus, headache, blurred vision, and nausea. Valproic acid (choice A) is an anticonvulsant, not associated with cinchonism. Isoniazid (choice C) is an antibiotic used to treat tuberculosis and does not cause cinchonism. Ethosuximide (choice D) is an anticonvulsant used to treat absence seizures and is not linked to cinchonism.
Which of the following is the primary site of activity for the drug Warfarin?
- A. Kidney
- B. Liver
- C. Blood
- D. Heart
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Liver. Warfarin is primarily metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system. The liver is responsible for breaking down and activating many drugs, including Warfarin. It is where the drug's metabolism and effects are most significant. The other choices are incorrect because Warfarin's main site of activity is in the liver, not the kidney, blood, or heart. The kidney mainly excretes the drug, while the blood carries it throughout the body, and the heart is not directly involved in Warfarin's metabolism.
Which of the following is the antidote for Heparin toxicity?
- A. Protamine
- B. Methylene blue
- C. N-acetylcysteine
- D. Glucagon
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Protamine is the antidote for Heparin toxicity because it binds to Heparin and forms a stable complex, neutralizing its anticoagulant effects. Protamine sulfate is positively charged, while Heparin is negatively charged, allowing them to bind effectively. Methylene blue is used to treat methemoglobinemia, not Heparin toxicity. N-acetylcysteine is used for acetaminophen overdose, and Glucagon is used for beta-blocker overdose.