Nokea
Which of the following cytokines is NOT included in the interleukin family?
- A. IL-1
- B. IL-22
- C. IFN-alpha
- D. IL-10
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: IFN-alpha. This is because IFN-alpha belongs to the interferon family, not the interleukin family. Interleukins are a subset of cytokines that are primarily involved in regulating immune responses, while interferons have antiviral properties. IL-1, IL-22, and IL-10 are all interleukins and are part of the interleukin family. Therefore, IFN-alpha is the only cytokine listed that is not included in the interleukin family.
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You obtain these assessment data while completing an admission for a patient with a history of a liver transplant who is receiving cyclosporine (Sandimmune),prednisone (Deltasone) and mycophenolate (CellCept) to suppress immune function. Which one will be of most concern?
- A. The patient’s gums appear very pink and swollen.
- B. The patient’s blood glucose is increased to 162 mg/dL.
- C. The patient has a non-tender swelling above the clavicle.
- D. The patient has 1+ pitting edema in the feet and ankles.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: A non-tender swelling above the clavicle could indicate lymphadenopathy which may be a sign of infection or malignancy. This is particularly concerning in an immunocompromised patient. The other findings while important are less urgent and can be managed with standard nursing interventions.
Phagocytes were discovered by:
- A. Ilya Metchnikoff
- B. Louis Pasteur
- C. Emil von Behring
- D. Robert Koch
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Ilya Metchnikoff. He discovered phagocytes through his research on immune responses in starfish larvae. Metchnikoff observed cells engulfing foreign particles, leading to the discovery of phagocytosis. Louis Pasteur is famous for his work in microbiology and vaccination. Emil von Behring discovered antitoxins. Robert Koch is known for his work in bacteriology and identifying the causative agents of diseases. Therefore, the correct answer is A as Metchnikoff specifically discovered phagocytes.
What statement accurately describes gene therapy?
- A. May activate a mutated gene that is functioning improperly.
- B. Is a risky technique under study for genetic diseases with no cure.
- C. Is frequently done by replacing a healthy gene with a mutated gene.
- D. Introduces a new gene into reproductive cells to help fight a genetic disease.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Gene therapy remains experimental and involves risks, aiming to treat genetic diseases by altering or replacing defective genes.
The rearrangement of B cell antigen receptor genes occurs in
- A. Germinal centres
- B. Cortical areas of lymph nodes
- C. Bone marrow
- D. All secondary lymphoid organs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The rearrangement of B cell antigen receptor genes occurs in the bone marrow. This process involves the assembly of variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments to generate a diverse repertoire of B cell receptors. The bone marrow provides the necessary environment for this gene rearrangement to take place, ensuring the development of functional B cells. Germinal centers and cortical areas of lymph nodes are involved in B cell activation and differentiation, not gene rearrangement. While secondary lymphoid organs support B cell activation and immune responses, they are not specifically where the gene rearrangement occurs.
Which of the following is the most severe complication among clients with allergies,regardless of type?
- A. Bronchitis
- B. Cardiac arrest
- C. Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema
- D. Asthma and nasal polyps
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Anaphylactic shock and angioneurotic edema are life-threatening allergic reactions that require immediate medical intervention.