Nokea
Which of the following dental conditions is characterized by the destruction of tooth structure due to exposure to acidic substances, such as gastric acid or acidic beverages?
- A. Dental caries
- B. Attrition
- C. Abrasion
- D. Erosion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Erosion is the dental condition characterized by the destruction of tooth structure due to exposure to acidic substances, such as gastric acid from conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or acidic beverages like sodas and citrus fruits. This acidic attack softens and wears away the enamel, leading to the erosion of tooth structure. Unlike dental caries, which is caused by bacteria producing acid from sugars in the mouth, erosion is primarily a result of external acidic sources. Attrition refers to the wear of tooth structure from tooth-to-tooth contact, and abrasion refers to the wear of tooth structure due to forces like brushing too hard or using abrasive toothpaste.
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A patient presents with a thyroid nodule and signs of hyperthyroidism. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy reveals spindle-shaped cells and psammoma bodies. Which endocrine disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- B. Graves' disease
- C. Follicular thyroid carcinoma
- D. Papillary thyroid carcinoma
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The presence of spindle-shaped cells and psammoma bodies on fine-needle aspiration biopsy is characteristic of follicular thyroid carcinoma. This type of thyroid cancer can present as a thyroid nodule associated with signs of hyperthyroidism due to the release of thyroid hormones from the cancerous thyroid cells. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune condition that typically presents with hypothyroidism, while Graves' disease is another autoimmune disorder that results in hyperthyroidism but is not associated with the presence of spindle-shaped cells and psammoma bodies in this context. Papillary thyroid carcinoma may also present with thyroid nodules, but it is more commonly associated with papillary structures and nuclear features rather than spindle-shaped cells seen in follicular thyroid carcinoma.
Which of the following is a common complication of untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia infection in women?
- A. Cervical dysplasia
- B. Ectopic pregnancy
- C. Urinary incontinence
- D. Pelvic organ prolapse
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Ectopic pregnancy is a common complication of untreated gonorrhea or chlamydia infection in women. This occurs when a fertilized egg implants and grows outside the uterus, typically in one of the fallopian tubes. Both gonorrhea and chlamydia can lead to scarring of the fallopian tubes due to untreated inflammation and infection. This scarring may obstruct the fallopian tubes, making it difficult for the fertilized egg to travel to the uterus for implantation. As a result, the egg may implant and grow in the fallopian tube, leading to an ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancies are dangerous and can result in serious complications for the woman, including rupture of the fallopian tube, internal bleeding, and potentially life-threatening situations. It is crucial to seek prompt treatment for gonorrhea and chlamydia to prevent such severe outcomes.
A patient presents with swelling of the ankles, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea. An echocardiogram reveals decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and dilated left ventricle. Which cardiovascular disorder is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
- A. Stable angina
- B. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
- C. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
- D. Valvular heart disease
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The patient's presentation of swelling of the ankles, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea is highly suggestive of heart failure. The echocardiogram findings of decreased left ventricular ejection fraction and dilated left ventricle are characteristic of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), also known as systolic heart failure. In this condition, the heart's ability to pump blood effectively is compromised, leading to symptoms of congestion and decreased cardiac output. The decreased ejection fraction indicates that the heart is not able to efficiently pump out blood with each contraction. Dilatation of the left ventricle is a compensatory mechanism in response to increased volume overload.
The group was observant as to the activities taking place in the delivery room. One of the activities involved social processes, which can be better explored. Which of the following qualitative research method should be used?
- A. Grounded theory
- B. Descriptive Phenomenology
- C. Historical research
- D. Case study
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Grounded theory is a qualitative research method that focuses on generating theory from data rather than testing pre-existing theories. In this scenario, where the goal is to explore social processes observed in the delivery room activities, grounded theory would be the most appropriate method. This method allows researchers to systematically collect and analyze data in order to develop theoretical explanations for social phenomena. By using grounded theory, researchers can explore the interactions, behaviors, and social processes at play in the delivery room in a structured and systematic way, thereby gaining insights into these phenomena through an inductive approach.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation for COPD has a duration of at least 4 to 12 weeks. Which of the following should be avoided while patient is having this program?
- A. Pursed lip breathing
- B. Smoking cessation
- C. Aerobic, upper and lower body conditioning
- D. Peripheral muscle wasting
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: During pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD, smoking cessation should not be avoided but instead strongly encouraged. Smoking cessation is a crucial component in managing COPD and improving lung function. Continued smoking can exacerbate COPD symptoms and hinder the progress made through rehabilitation efforts. Therefore, it is essential for patients to quit smoking while undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation to maximize the benefits of the program and improve their overall lung health.