Nokea
Which of the following does not fall under planning?
- A. Follow up
- B. Plan formulation
- C. Execution
- D. Evaluation
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Follow-up is typically considered part of monitoring rather than planning.
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You are investigating the role of physical activity in heart disease, and your data suggest a protective effect. While presenting your findings, a colleague asks whether you have thought about confounders, such as factor X. Under which of the following conditions could this factor have confounded your interpretation of the data?
- A. It is a risk factor for some other disease, but not heart disease.
- B. It is a risk factor associated with the physical activity measure and heart disease.
- C. It is part of the causal pathway by which physical activity affects heart disease.
- D. It has caused a lack of follow-up of test subjects.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: A confounder must be associated with both the exposure (physical activity) and the outcome (heart disease), and it should not lie on the causal pathway between them.
The measure of spread most affected by one extreme value is the:
- A. Interquartile range
- B. Range
- C. Standard deviation
- D. Mean
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The range depends only on the largest and smallest values, making it sensitive to outliers.
Prevalence is a
- A. Ratio
- B. Rate
- C. Proportion
- D. Mode of diseases
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prevalence is a proportion because it measures the number of existing cases in a population at a given time out of the total population.
The main of antituberculosis is
- A. bacteriological care
- B. radiological care
- C. prevent complication
- D. contact tracing
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Bacteriological care is the cornerstone of tuberculosis control as it confirms diagnosis and monitors treatment effectiveness.
Plotted curve usually begins in the upper left corner
- A. Cumulative frequency curve
- B. Survival curve
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Survival curves begin in the upper left corner indicating 100% survival initially.