Nokea
Which of the following functions would be most affected by laryngeal damage?
- A. Blinking
- B. Walking
- C. Singing
- D. Hearing
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Laryngeal damage would most affect the function of singing. The larynx, or voice box, houses the vocal cords responsible for producing sound during singing. Damage to the larynx can impair the ability to phonate and control pitch, tone, and quality of the voice, which are crucial for singing. Choices A, B, and D are unrelated to the larynx. Blinking is controlled by the facial nerve, walking involves motor functions and coordination, and hearing is related to the ear structures and auditory nerves.
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What are groups of cells that perform the same function called?
- A. tissues
- B. plastids
- C. organs
- D. molecules
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Groups of cells that perform the same function are called tissues. Tissues are composed of a group of similar cells working together to carry out specific functions within an organism. Each type of tissue has a specialized structure that enables it to perform its specific role effectively. Plastids are cell organelles found in plants responsible for functions like photosynthesis and storage, not groups of cells. Organs are composed of different types of tissues working together. Molecules are made up of atoms and are not groups of cells.
What are substances that stimulate adaptive immunity called?
- A. Peptides
- B. Phagocytes
- C. Prions
- D. Platelets
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Substances that stimulate adaptive immunity are called peptides. Peptides are short chains of amino acids that play a crucial role in activating the immune response by interacting with immune cells such as T cells and B cells. Peptides are important in antigen presentation and recognition, leading to the development of specific immune responses against pathogens. Choice B, phagocytes, are cells that engulf and digest pathogens but are not substances that stimulate adaptive immunity. Choice C, prions, are infectious agents made of misfolded proteins and are not related to stimulating adaptive immunity. Choice D, platelets, are cell fragments involved in blood clotting and have no direct role in stimulating adaptive immunity.
An investigator wishes to test the effect of temperature on the durability of a certain material. He places five blocks of this material in a sunny area in a meadow and five more in a cold area high in the mountains. He then monitors them over time. What is the main problem with this experiment?
- A. Ten subjects are far too small a number to obtain effective results.
- B. It is impossible to control for the fact that the blocks in the mountains were placed later.
- C. There are too many variables that are not being controlled for.
- D. Nothing is wrong with this experiment; this demonstrates good experimental procedure.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The main problem with this experiment is that there are too many variables that are not being controlled for. The investigator is only changing one variable (temperature) while there are other variables at play such as humidity, exposure to light, and potential differences in the material itself. Without controlling or accounting for these additional variables, it would be difficult to determine if any observed differences in durability are solely due to temperature. Choice A is incorrect because the issue is not solely about the number of subjects but about the lack of control over variables. Choice B is not the main problem as the order of placement may not significantly impact the results. Choice D is incorrect as the experiment lacks proper control over variables, which is a crucial aspect of good experimental procedure.
Enzymes are ________ molecules that serve as _______ for certain biological reactions.
- A. Enzymes are irrelevant molecules that serve as suppressors for certain biological reactions.
- B. Enzymes are acidic molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions.
- C. Enzymes are lipid molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions.
- D. Enzymes are protein molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions.
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Enzymes are protein molecules that serve as catalysts for certain biological reactions. Enzymes are biological molecules that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. They are typically proteins that have specific shapes and active sites that allow them to interact with specific substrates and facilitate reactions without being consumed themselves. The other choices are incorrect because enzymes are not irrelevant, acidic, or lipid molecules; they are primarily proteins known for their catalytic properties.
What is the primary function of antibodies?
- A. Production of white blood cells
- B. Initiation of gluconeogenesis
- C. Promotion of intracellular storage of lipids
- D. Facilitate the breakdown of antigens
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Facilitate the breakdown of antigens. Antibodies are protein molecules produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, known as antigens, in the body. Antibodies bind to specific antigens and mark them for destruction by other immune cells, thereby helping the body to defend against infections and other threats. Choices A, B, and C are incorrect because antibodies do not have a direct role in the production of white blood cells, initiation of gluconeogenesis, or promotion of intracellular storage of lipids. The primary function of antibodies is to target and facilitate the destruction of antigens in the body.