Nokea
Which of the following interferes with mycolic acid synthesis an essential * component of mycobacterial cell walls for which resistance will develop rapidly if the drug is used alone?
- A. Isoniazid
- B. Rifampicin
- C. Pyrazinamide
- D. Ethambutol
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mycolic acid synthesis is inhibited by Ethambutol by targeting the enzyme arabinosyltransferase, essential for cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria. Resistance develops slowly with Ethambutol, unlike other choices which target different pathways (A: Isoniazid - inhibits mycolic acid synthesis by targeting InhA enzyme, B: Rifampicin - inhibits RNA polymerase, C: Pyrazinamide - disrupts membrane potential). Ethambutol is essential in combination therapy to prevent resistance.
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Which of the following secretes the antidiuretic hormone?
- A. Lungs
- B. Pituitary gland
- C. Liver
- D. Pineal gland
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Pituitary gland. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, is produced and secreted by the pituitary gland. This hormone helps regulate water balance in the body by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. The other choices, A: Lungs, C: Liver, and D: Pineal gland, do not secrete ADH. Lungs are responsible for gas exchange, the liver performs various metabolic functions, and the pineal gland regulates sleep-wake cycles through melatonin secretion. Therefore, the pituitary gland is the only gland among the options that secretes the antidiuretic hormone.
Which type of urinary tract calculi are the most common and frequently obstruct the ureter?
- A. Cystine
- B. Uric acid
- C. Calcium oxalate
- D. Calcium phosphate
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Calcium oxalate. This type of urinary tract calculi is the most common because calcium oxalate crystals are frequently formed due to various factors such as high dietary intake of oxalate-rich foods. These crystals can easily aggregate and form calculi that often obstruct the ureter due to their size and shape. Cystine calculi (A) are rare and usually seen in patients with genetic disorders. Uric acid calculi (B) are common in patients with gout or acidic urine but are not the most frequent type. Calcium phosphate calculi (D) can form in conditions of alkaline urine but are less common than calcium oxalate calculi.
Intravenous Plain NSS infusion is the treatment of choice for the following * complications of furosemide therapy:
- A. Hypokalemia
- B. Severe dehydration
- C. Dilutional hyponatremia
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Intravenous Plain NSS infusion is the treatment of choice for dilutional hyponatremia, which can occur as a complication of furosemide therapy due to excessive diuresis leading to low sodium levels. This solution helps restore normal sodium levels without affecting the fluid balance.
Summary:
A: Hypokalemia - Furosemide therapy can cause hypokalemia, which is usually treated with potassium supplements, not NSS infusion.
B: Severe dehydration - NSS infusion may be used for severe dehydration but is not specific to furosemide therapy complications.
D: None of the above - Incorrect, as C is the correct answer for dilutional hyponatremia.
The mother of an 8-year-old girl has brought her child to the clinic because she is wetting the bed at night. What terminology should the nurse use when documenting this situation?
- A. Ascites
- B. Dysuria
- C. Enuresis
- D. Urgency
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct terminology for bedwetting in an 8-year-old is enuresis. Enuresis specifically refers to the involuntary discharge of urine during sleep at an age where bladder control is expected. This term is appropriate for the child's situation as it accurately describes the bedwetting issue. Ascites (A) refers to abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen, not related to bedwetting. Dysuria (B) is painful urination, which is not the issue described. Urgency (D) refers to a sudden compelling need to urinate, which is also not relevant to this scenario. Using the correct term, enuresis, will ensure accurate documentation and communication regarding the child's bedwetting issue.
The following tetracycline has the potential to cause vestibular toxicity:
- A. Doxycycline
- B. Oxytetracycline
- C. Minocycline
- D. Demeclocycline
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Minocycline is known to cause vestibular toxicity due to its lipophilicity and ability to accumulate in inner ear structures.
2. Vestibular toxicity can manifest as dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance.
3. Doxycycline, oxytetracycline, and demeclocycline are less likely to cause vestibular toxicity.
4. Doxycycline is commonly used and well-tolerated, oxytetracycline has a different side effect profile, and demeclocycline is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity.
Summary:
Choice C (Minocycline) is correct due to its propensity for causing vestibular toxicity. Choices A, B, and D are incorrect as they are less likely to cause this specific adverse effect.