Chronic Disease Questions

Chronic Disease Questions Related

Review Chronic Disease Questions related questions and content

Which of the following interventions would be best for the child who has developed mucositis as a side effect of chemotherapy?

  • A. Using lemon glycerin swabs for oral hygiene.
  • B. Keeping the child NPO until all sores are healed.
  • C. Having the child swish and swallow viscous lidocaine.
  • D. Giving the child pudding for breakfast.
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: Mucositis, a painful chemotherapy side effect, involves inflamed, ulcerated mucous membranes, often in the mouth, complicating eating and hygiene. Offering pudding a soft, bland, cool food is the best intervention, as it minimizes irritation and pain, encouraging nutrition without exacerbating sores. Lemon glycerin swabs are harsh, with citric acid and chemicals worsening discomfort and delaying healing. Keeping the child NPO (nothing by mouth) for weeks until sores heal is impractical and risks malnutrition, as mucositis can persist throughout chemotherapy. Viscous lidocaine might numb pain but is a last resort if the child refuses all intake, not a first-line comfort measure. Pudding supports hydration and calorie intake safely, aligning with nursing's goal to maintain nutrition and comfort in pediatric oncology, reducing mucositis-related distress effectively.

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The definition of Chronic Heart Failure is:

  • A. Failure of the heart to adequately pump blood to the body.
  • B. Long-term inability of the heart to meet metabolic demands required to maintain homeostasis.
  • C. Prolonged enlargement of the left ventricle impacting on the contractility of the muscle.
  • D. Long term fluid build-up, causing increase in blood volume and reducing the ability of the heart to maintain blood flow.
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a syndrome, not a singular defect. Failure to pump adequately describes acute failure but lacks chronicity's scope. CHF is the heart's prolonged inability to meet metabolic demands for oxygen and nutrients, disrupting homeostasis per Farrell (2017) encompassing systolic (reduced ejection) and diastolic (impaired filling) dysfunction. Left ventricular enlargement may occur (e.g., dilated cardiomyopathy), but it's a cause or result, not the definition; contractility varies. Fluid buildup (congestion) is a feature, not the essence blood volume rises secondary to neurohormonal activation (e.g., renin-angiotensin system), not as the primary failure. The metabolic demand focus captures CHF's systemic impact fatigue, edema, dyspnea reflecting chronic adaptation failure over structural or fluid-centric descriptions.

Which set of classification values indicates the most extensive and progressed cancer?

  • A. T1 N0 M0
  • B. T10 N0 M0
  • C. T1 N1 M0
  • D. T4 N3 M1
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: TNM staging gauges cancer extent: T (tumor size), N (node involvement), M (metastasis). T4 N3 M1 marks the worst T4 signals a large, invasive tumor, N3 extensive nodal spread, M1 distant metastases, painting a picture of widespread, advanced disease. T1 N0 M0 is small, localized, no spread early stage. T10 isn't standard (likely T1), still less severe. T1 N1 M0 has minor nodal involvement, not extensive. T4 N3 M1's combination screams progression, guiding nurses to expect aggressive care or palliation, a stark contrast to earlier stages' hopeful prognosis, critical for planning in advanced cancer.

Hyperglycaemia is involved in cardiovascular complications in diabetes. There are several mechanisms through which high glucose levels in endothelial cells can lead to complications. Question: Which mechanism is NOT directly associated with cardiovascular complications in diabetes?

  • A. Activation of PKC
  • B. AGE pathway
  • C. Sorbitol pathway
  • D. Fatty acid oxidation
Correct Answer: D

Rationale: High glucose trashes vessels PKC, AGEs, sorbitol clog the works, but fatty acid burn's metabolic, not direct CV. Nurses spot this, a chronic heart sidestep.

In which of these do you see clue cells?

  • A. trichomonas vaginalis
  • B. bacterial vaginosis
  • C. candida
  • D. HSV 2
Correct Answer: B

Rationale: Clue cells BV's fishy flag, not trich's swim, candida's yeast, HSV's sores, or syphilis' chancre. Nurses scope this chronic hint.

The nurse is caring for a 39-year-old woman with a family history of breast cancer. She requested a breast tumor marking test and the results have come back positive. As a result, the patient is requesting a bilateral mastectomy. This surgery is an example of what type of oncologic surgery?

  • A. Salvage surgery
  • B. Palliative surgery
  • C. Prophylactic surgery
  • D. Reconstructive surgery
Correct Answer: C

Rationale: A bilateral mastectomy here is prophylactic removing nonvital breasts to prevent cancer in a high-risk patient with a positive tumor marker and family history. It's about risk reduction, not treatment of existing disease. Salvage surgery tackles recurrence after a less aggressive initial approach, like resecting a regrown tumor. Palliative surgery eases symptoms (e.g., pain from obstruction) in advanced cases, not prevention. Reconstructive surgery restores form or function post-treatment, like breast reconstruction after curative mastectomy. Prophylactic fits this preemptive strike, driven by genetic or familial risk (e.g., BRCA mutations), a growing trend in oncology to outpace cancer's onset, guided by nurses supporting informed, tough choices.

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