Nokea
Which of the following is a common passage in swallowing food and breathing-
- A. Pharynx
- B. Larynx
- C. Glottis
- D. Gullet
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The pharynx serves as a common pathway for both food (to the esophagus) and air (to the larynx).
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(Gustatory) sensory cells of taste buds, all true except:
- A. They have pale cytoplasm and darkly stained oval nuclei.
- B. Their apical surfaces contain long microvilli embedded in amorphous glycosaminoglycan material secreted by supporting cells
- C. Are peripheral in position
- D. Their basal parts are connected to the afferent nerve fibers.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Gustatory cells are centrally located within the taste bud, surrounded by supporting cells, not peripheral.
The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule contain a lot of mitochondria. Why?
- A. Mitochondria produce the energy required for the passive transport of compounds across the membrane
- B. Mitochondria produce the energy required for the diffusion of compounds across the membrane
- C. Mitochondria produce the energy required for the pumping of compounds through the tubules
- D. Mitochondria produce the energy required for the active transport of compounds across the membrane
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Mitochondria provide ATP for active transport of nutrients like glucose in the proximal convoluted tubule.
Peristalsis in the muscle component of the human esophagus is produced by:
- A. A gradient in slow waves going from the top to the bottom
- B. Gravity moving swallowed food down the esophagus
- C. Simultaneous contraction of the entire longitudinal muscle layer
- D. Sequential firing of the extrinsic nerves from the nucleus ambiguous
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Sequential firing of vagal nerves from the nucleus ambiguus coordinates esophageal peristalsis, moving food downward.
Absorption of fat occurs through the process of
- A. Active transport
- B. Facilitated transport
- C. Osmosis
- D. Simple diffusion
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Fats, emulsified into micelles, are absorbed via simple diffusion into lacteals.
A dysfunction of the parietal cells of gastric glands would result in a decreased production of which two of the following?
- A. mucus
- B. pepsinogen
- C. hydrochloric acid
- D. pepsin
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Parietal cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.