Which of the following is a common presentation in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome?
- A. Oligomenorrhea, obesity, and hirsutism
- B. Amenorrhea, generalized hair loss, and weight gain
- C. Repeated ectopic pregnancies and chronic pelvic pain
- D. Fatigue, body aches, and menorrhagia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Oligomenorrhea, obesity, and hirsutism. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) commonly presents with irregular periods (oligomenorrhea), obesity, and increased hair growth (hirsutism) due to hormonal imbalances. Choice B is incorrect as amenorrhea (absence of periods), generalized hair loss, and weight gain are not typical features of PCOS. Choice C is incorrect as repeated ectopic pregnancies and chronic pelvic pain are not characteristic of PCOS. Choice D is incorrect as fatigue, body aches, and menorrhagia (excessive menstrual bleeding) are not primary symptoms seen in PCOS.
You may also like to solve these questions
To minimize unsafe abortions, IRH has strengthened:
- A. The termination of pregnancy act
- B. The post-abortion care and counseling services
- C. The gender and violence unit of the police services
- D. The empowerment of all women who want to abort
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Post-abortion care and counseling services are crucial in reducing unsafe abortions by providing support, medical care, and guidance to individuals who have undergone abortions, ensuring their physical and emotional well-being. Strengthening the termination of pregnancy act (Choice A) might focus more on the legal aspects rather than the healthcare services needed post-abortion. The gender and violence unit of the police services (Choice C) is important for addressing gender-based violence but not directly related to reducing unsafe abortions. Empowering all women who want to abort (Choice D) is a broad concept that may not specifically address the need for comprehensive post-abortion care and counseling services.
What is a cord inserted to the very edge of the placenta known as?
- A. Battledore insertion
- B. Placenta velamentosa
- C. Placenta accreta
- D. Vasa Praevia
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: A cord inserted to the very edge of the placenta is known as battledore insertion. This occurs when the cord is attached to the fetal membranes at the placental margin rather than directly to the placental tissue. Placenta velamentosa refers to the condition where the umbilical cord inserts into the fetal membranes before it reaches the placenta. Placenta accreta is a condition where the placenta attaches too deeply into the uterine wall. Vasa Praevia is a condition where fetal blood vessels run across or near the internal cervical opening.
Which of the following are layers of the anterior abdominal wall?
- A. Linear albicantes
- B. Superficial fascia
- C. Visceral peritoneum
- D. Fascia transversalis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Linear albicantes and B: Superficial fascia. Linear albicantes are stretch marks, and the superficial fascia is one of the layers of the anterior abdominal wall. Choices C and D, Visceral peritoneum and Fascia transversalis, respectively, are not layers of the anterior abdominal wall. The visceral peritoneum is a membrane covering the abdominal organs, and the fascia transversalis is a layer deep to the transversus abdominis muscle.
Discuss the anatomical/physiological changes in pregnancy under the following: Kidney/renal system
- A. Kidneys increase in size, pelvis dilates, ureters elongate and dilate, and the glomerular filtration rate increases.
- B. Kidneys decrease in size, and glomerular filtration rate decreases.
- C. There is no change in kidney size or ureter function, but the glomerular filtration rate decreases.
- D. Kidneys shrink, and ureters remain the same.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: During pregnancy, the kidneys increase in size, the pelvis dilates, ureters elongate and dilate, and the glomerular filtration rate increases. This is due to the increased metabolic demands and hormonal changes during pregnancy. Choice B is incorrect as the kidneys do not decrease in size, and the glomerular filtration rate actually increases. Choice C is incorrect as there are changes in kidney size and ureter function during pregnancy. Choice D is incorrect as the kidneys do not shrink during pregnancy.
Amniocentesis, a prenatal diagnostic test used to determine fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities, is based on:
- A. The karyotyping of the amniotic fluid
- B. Chorionic villus sampling
- C. Umbilical cord blood sampling
- D. Ultrasound
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Amniocentesis involves the analysis of the fetal cells present in the amniotic fluid, which is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding the developing fetus. This fluid contains cells shed by the fetus, which can be cultured and analyzed to obtain a karyotype, providing information about the fetal sex, genetic anomalies, and biochemical abnormalities. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because chorionic villus sampling involves obtaining a sample of the chorionic villi from the placenta, not the amniotic fluid; umbilical cord blood sampling is typically used for other purposes like assessing the baby's blood for infections or genetic disorders; and ultrasound is a diagnostic imaging technique that does not involve the analysis of fetal cells for genetic information.