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Which of the following is a sign of urinary retention in older adults with neurologic deficit?
- A. Amnesia
- B. Hypotension
- C. Hypertension
- D. A behavior change
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Behavior changes, such as confusion, can indicate urinary retention.
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A client with rheumatoid arthritis taking hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) should be taught that, because of this drug therapy, he should
- A. expect relief of pain and inflammation within 1-2 weeks
- B. have an eye examination every 4-6 months
- C. take the medication before bedtime
- D. be alert for development of a skin rash
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Hydroxychloroquine can cause retinal damage, requiring regular eye exams.
The neuron processes that normally receives incoming stimuli are called:
- A. axons
- B. dendrites
- C. neurolemmas
- D. Schwann cells
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dendrites are the neuron processes that receive incoming stimuli and transmit them toward the cell body. Axons transmit signals away from the cell body, while neurolemmas, Schwann cells, and satellite cells are supportive structures. Thus, B is the correct answer.
While collecting data the nurse learns that a patient with a neurological illness has not had a sense of smell for several decades. Which part of the central nervous system should the nurse question as being damaged in this patient?
- A. Brainstem
- B. Occipital lobe
- C. Hypothalamus
- D. Temporal lobe
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The olfactory nerve (cranial nerve I) originates in the temporal lobe, and damage to this area can result in anosmia (loss of smell). The brainstem, occipital lobe, and hypothalamus are not directly involved in the sense of smell. Assessing olfactory function can provide clues about neurological damage.
A refractory period is___________.
- A. a brief time when a neuron is unable to conduct an impulse
- B. the period during which potassium and sodium ions are completely stable
- C. the same as the resting potential
- D. the short time the myelin sheath provides insulation from another impulse
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The refractory period is a brief time following an action potential during which a neuron is unable to fire another impulse. This period ensures that action potentials propagate in one direction and allows the neuron to reset its ion gradients. The refractory period is divided into the absolute refractory period, when no new action potentials can be generated, and the relative refractory period, when a stronger-than-usual stimulus is required to generate an action potential.
Which of the following describes the pathophysiology of Parkinson disease?
- A. Multiple foci of nerve degeneration throughout brain and spinal cord
- B. Decreased secretion of acetylcholine at myoneural junctions
- C. Atrophy of voluntary muscles
- D. Destruction of nerve cells of the basal ganglia of the brain
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Parkinson's disease involves destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia.