Nokea
Which of the following is an example of a waterborne disease?
- A. Hepatitis A
- B. Influenza
- C. Measles
- D. Tuberculosis
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hepatitis A. Waterborne diseases are caused by pathogens that are transmitted through contaminated water. Hepatitis A is a viral infection that spreads through the consumption of contaminated water or food. It affects the liver and is commonly associated with poor sanitation and hygiene. Influenza, Measles, and Tuberculosis are not waterborne diseases. Influenza and Measles are viral infections spread through respiratory droplets, while Tuberculosis is a bacterial infection primarily transmitted through the air. Hepatitis A is the only choice that aligns with the definition of a waterborne disease.
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Which of the following is an essential component of prenatal care?
- A. Routine immunizations
- B. Nutritional counseling
- C. Surgical interventions
- D. Radiologic exams
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Nutritional counseling. Prenatal care focuses on ensuring the health of both the mother and the developing baby. Proper nutrition is essential for the well-being of both, as it supports the baby's growth and development and helps prevent complications for the mother. Nutritional counseling provides guidance on maintaining a balanced diet, taking necessary supplements, and managing any dietary restrictions during pregnancy. Routine immunizations (A) are important but not typically a primary component of prenatal care. Surgical interventions (C) and radiologic exams (D) are generally avoided during pregnancy unless absolutely necessary due to potential risks to the fetus. Therefore, B is the most essential component for prenatal care.
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication for breastfeeding?
- A. Maternal HIV infection
- B. Maternal diabetes
- C. Maternal anemia
- D. Maternal hypertension
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Maternal HIV infection. Breastfeeding is contraindicated in mothers with HIV due to the risk of transmission to the infant through breast milk. HIV can be transmitted through breast milk even if the mother is on antiretroviral therapy. Maternal diabetes, anemia, and hypertension are not contraindications for breastfeeding as long as they are well managed. Breastfeeding is actually beneficial in managing diabetes and anemia. Hypertensive mothers can breastfeed unless there are complications that require specific medications that may be unsafe for the infant.
When is the recommended time for introducing solid foods into an infant's diet?
- A. 3 months
- B. 6 months
- C. 9 months
- D. 12 months
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: 6 months. At this age, infants' digestive systems are more developed and ready for solid foods. Introducing solids too early (A) can lead to allergies and digestion issues. Waiting until 9 months (C) or 12 months (D) can delay important nutrients and increase the risk of iron deficiency. In summary, introducing solids at 6 months strikes the right balance between developmental readiness and nutritional needs for infants.
What is the primary purpose of conducting a health survey in a community?
- A. To provide medical treatment to individuals
- B. To gather data on health status and needs
- C. To distribute health education materials
- D. To perform laboratory tests
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: To gather data on health status and needs. The primary purpose of conducting a health survey in a community is to systematically collect information on the health of the population, identify health issues, assess needs, and guide healthcare planning. This data helps in developing effective public health interventions and policies.
Choice A (To provide medical treatment to individuals) is incorrect because health surveys focus on population-level data collection, not individual treatment. Choice C (To distribute health education materials) is incorrect as the primary purpose of a health survey is data collection, not distribution of materials. Choice D (To perform laboratory tests) is incorrect because health surveys typically involve collecting information through questionnaires and interviews, rather than conducting laboratory tests.
Which of the following is an essential nutrient required for preventing neural tube defects?
- A. Iron
- B. Vitamin C
- C. Calcium
- D. Folic acid
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Folic acid. Folic acid is essential for preventing neural tube defects because it plays a crucial role in DNA synthesis and cell division, particularly during early fetal development. Adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy can significantly reduce the risk of neural tube defects. Iron (A), Vitamin C (B), and Calcium (C) are important nutrients for overall health but do not have a direct role in preventing neural tube defects. Iron is vital for red blood cell production, Vitamin C is an antioxidant that supports the immune system, and Calcium is essential for bone health. However, for preventing neural tube defects specifically, folic acid is the essential nutrient.