Nokea
Which of the following is an example of passive immunization?
- A. The protection against smallpox that is provided by inoculation with cowpox
- B. The rapid protection that is provided by the primary immune response to a vaccine
- C. The immune protection provided to an individual after receiving serum from someone previously exposed to a pathogen
- D. Immunization of a child under the supervision of a parent or guardian
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Passive immunization involves the transfer of pre-formed antibodies to confer immediate protection. Choice C is correct as it describes receiving serum containing antibodies from an immune individual. Choice A is incorrect because it describes active immunization. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to the primary immune response, which is part of active immunization. Choice D is incorrect as it describes the process of immunization itself, not passive immunization.
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What is a significant consequence of the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens?
- A. Pathogens evolve slower than hosts
- B. Hosts develop epigenetic changes for immune adaptation
- C. Mutations in hosts always outpace pathogen evolution
- D. Hosts and pathogens remain static in their interactions
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because hosts developing epigenetic changes for immune adaptation is a significant consequence of the evolutionary arms race between hosts and pathogens. This adaptation allows hosts to better defend against evolving pathogens over time. This process is dynamic, as both hosts and pathogens continuously evolve in response to each other.
Choice A is incorrect because pathogens can evolve rapidly to adapt to host defenses. Choice C is incorrect because while hosts may have mutations that provide advantages, pathogens can also evolve to overcome host defenses. Choice D is incorrect as the interaction between hosts and pathogens is characterized by constant adaptation and change, not remaining static.
Which mutated tumor suppressor gene is most likely to contribute to many types of cancer, including bladder, breast, colorectal, and lung?
- A. p53
- B. APC
- C. BRCA1
- D. BRCA2
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The p53 gene is a critical tumor suppressor gene involved in preventing cancer by regulating the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Mutations in this gene are associated with many types of cancer.
The Calvin cycle:
- A. is a C5 pathway
- B. is used by all photoautotrophic microorganisms
- C. is a C4 pathway
- D. is a dark reaction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The Calvin cycle is a series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts during photosynthesis. It occurs in the dark phase (without direct light requirement), making choice D correct. Choice A is incorrect because the Calvin cycle is a C3 pathway, not C5. Choice B is incorrect because not all photoautotrophic microorganisms use the Calvin cycle; some use alternative pathways. Choice C is incorrect because C4 pathway is a different photosynthetic pathway that occurs in certain plants to minimize photorespiration.
Afferent lymphatic vessels do not
- A. Transport antigens from tissues to LN
- B. Enter LN at more than one site
- C. Transport antigens from blood to LN
- D. Connect tissues to secondary lymphoid organs
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale: Afferent lymphatic vessels transport lymph containing antigens from tissues to lymph nodes (LN). Option C is correct because afferent lymphatics do not transport antigens directly from the blood to LN. Other choices are incorrect because afferent lymphatics enter LN at multiple sites (B), transport antigens from tissues to LN (A), and connect tissues to secondary lymphoid organs (D).
Which of the following represents a typical match between pathogen type and Th subset response?
- A. Virus : TH1
- B. Intracellular bacteria : TH2
- C. Virus : TH17
- D. Parasitic worm : TH1
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. Virus typically triggers a Th1 response because Th1 cells are specialized in combating intracellular pathogens like viruses. Th2 response is more common for extracellular parasites, making choice B incorrect. TH17 response is usually associated with fungal infections and autoimmune diseases, making choice C incorrect. Parasitic worms usually induce a Th2 response due to their extracellular nature, making choice D incorrect.