Nokea
Which of the following is NOT a common condition associated with Type I hypersensitivity?
- A. Asthma
- B. Food allergies
- C. Anaphylaxis
- D. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE-mediated reactions to allergens, leading to immediate responses like asthma, food allergies, and anaphylaxis. SLE is an autoimmune disease involving immune complexes and not IgE antibodies. Therefore, SLE is not directly associated with Type I hypersensitivity. Asthma, food allergies, and anaphylaxis are all examples of Type I hypersensitivity reactions due to IgE-mediated mechanisms.
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What is a hallmark of Type IV hypersensitivity?
- A. It is immediate and IgE-mediated
- B. It is delayed and T cell-mediated
- C. It involves immune complexes
- D. It stimulates mast cells to release histamine
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are delayed and T cell-mediated. Upon exposure to an antigen, sensitized T cells, specifically CD4+ T cells, release cytokines that recruit and activate macrophages and other effector cells, leading to tissue damage. Choice A is incorrect because Type I hypersensitivity reactions are immediate and IgE-mediated. Choice C is incorrect because immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions are typically associated with Type III hypersensitivity. Choice D is incorrect because histamine release by mast cells is characteristic of Type I hypersensitivity reactions, not Type IV.
A patient’s documentation indicates he has a stage III pressure ulcer on his right hip. What should the nurse expect to find on assessment of the patient’s right hip?
- A. Exposed bone, tendon, or muscle
- B. An abrasion, blister, or shallow crater
- C. Deep crater through subcutaneous tissue to fascia
- D. Persistent redness (or bluish color in darker skin tones)
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Stage III pressure ulcers penetrate through all layers of the skin but do not expose underlying structures such as bone or muscle.
Which of the following lymphoid tissues has both hematopoietic and immune functions and acts as an emergency reservoir of blood and filters the blood as well?
- A. Tonsils and adenoids
- B. Thymus gland
- C. Spleen
- D. Lymph nodes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The spleen has both hematopoietic and immune functions acting as a blood filter and reservoir and plays a key role in removing old or damaged red blood cells.
Mature naïve T cells that leave the thymus
- A. Are all tolerant to self-antigens because all self-reactive developing T cells have been killed in the thymus
- B. Might include some self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific Ag
- C. Go first to LN where they acquire the ability to recognize antigen presented by MHC
- D. Go first to LN to be tested for self-reactivity
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because mature naïve T cells that leave the thymus can include self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific antigen. This is because the process of negative selection in the thymus eliminates most self-reactive T cells but does not catch all of them. Some self-reactive T cells may escape negative selection and circulate as mature naïve T cells. Therefore, it is possible for mature naïve T cells leaving the thymus to include self-reactive T cells that have not been tolerized against a specific antigen.
Choices:
A: This is incorrect because although negative selection in the thymus eliminates most self-reactive T cells, it does not catch all of them, so some self-reactive T cells may still be present in the mature naïve T cell population.
C: This is incorrect because mature naïve T cells already have the ability to recognize antigens presented by MHC, which is developed in the th
Which of these are a type of mutation?
- A. base substitution
- B. translocation
- C. insertion sequences
- D. recombination
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: recombination. Recombination is a type of mutation that involves the exchange of genetic material between two DNA molecules. This process can lead to genetic variation and evolution. Base substitution (A) is a point mutation where one base is replaced by another. Translocation (B) involves the movement of a segment of DNA to another location in the genome. Insertion sequences (C) are short segments of DNA that can move within the genome but are not considered a type of mutation. Recombination (D) is the only choice directly related to a type of mutation involving the exchange of genetic material.