Nokea
Which of the following is not a Covid-19 vaccine?
- A. Nuvaxovid
- B. Covovax
- C. Moderna
- D. None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step-by-step rationale:
1. Nuvaxovid is not a known Covid-19 vaccine.
2. Covovax and Moderna are both established Covid-19 vaccines.
3. "None of the above" includes all listed options, so it is not the correct answer.
4. Therefore, the correct answer is A: Nuvaxovid, as it is not a recognized Covid-19 vaccine.
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A small molecule that combines with a specific allosteric protein so that both prevent RNA polymerase activity is called a(n):
- A. inducer
- B. repressor
- C. corepressor
- D. leader
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: corepressor. A corepressor is a small molecule that binds to an allosteric protein to inhibit its activity. In this case, the corepressor prevents RNA polymerase activity. The other choices are incorrect because:
A: Inducer activates gene expression.
B: Repressor inhibits gene expression by binding to DNA.
D: Leader is not a term related to allosteric regulation.
How do NK cells kill target cells?
- A. By producing antibodies
- B. Through secretion of cytokines
- C. By releasing perforin and granzyme
- D. By phagocytosis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. NK cells kill target cells by releasing perforin and granzyme. Perforin creates pores in the target cell's membrane, allowing granzyme to enter and induce apoptosis. Antibodies (choice A) are produced by B cells, not NK cells. Cytokines (choice B) regulate immune responses but do not directly kill cells. Phagocytosis (choice D) involves engulfing and digesting pathogens, which is not how NK cells kill target cells.
Which represents a correct grouping with respect to the target of an immune response, immune response strength, and resulting health status?
- A. Self-antigen, weak response, autoimmune disease
- B. Pathogen, strong response, recurrent infection
- C. Tumour antigen, weak response, cancer
- D. Transplanted organ, strong response, graft acceptance
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Tumor antigens are non-self antigens that trigger a weak immune response due to immune tolerance.
2. Weak immune response against tumor antigens may lead to uncontrolled cell growth, resulting in cancer.
3. Strong immune responses are typically mounted against pathogens to clear infections.
4. Self-antigens should not trigger immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases.
5. Transplanted organs can elicit strong immune responses leading to rejection, not acceptance.
Summary:
A - Incorrect: Self-antigens should not elicit immune responses to prevent autoimmune diseases.
B - Incorrect: Pathogens typically trigger strong immune responses to clear infections, not recurrent ones.
D - Incorrect: Transplanted organs often lead to strong immune responses and rejection, not acceptance.
A patient is scheduled to have a tunneled catheter placed for administration of chemotherapy for breast cancer. When preparing the patient for the catheter insertion, what does the nurse explain about this method of chemotherapy administration?
- A. Decreases the risk for extravasation at the infusion site
- B. Reduces the incidence of systemic side effects of the drug
- C. Does not become occluded as peripherally inserted catheters can
- D. Allows continuous infusion of the drug directly to the area of the tumor
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Tunneled catheters reduce extravasation risks compared to peripheral lines by delivering medications centrally.
The nurse uses many precautions during IV administration of vesicant chemotherapeutic agents, primarily to prevent
- A. septicemia
- B. extravasation
- C. catheter occlusion
- D. anaphylactic shock
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Extravasation of vesicant agents can cause severe tissue damage, so precautions are essential.