Nokea
Which of the following is not a function of the adult liver?
- A. glycogen storage
- B. detoxification
- C. synthesis of clotting proteins
- D. erythropoiesis
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: erythropoiesis. The liver does not have a primary role in the production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis), which is mainly carried out by the bone marrow.
A: The liver stores glycogen for energy regulation.
B: Detoxification is a crucial function of the liver, breaking down harmful substances.
C: The liver synthesizes clotting proteins like fibrinogen.
In summary, while the liver is vital for glycogen storage, detoxification, and clotting protein synthesis, it does not play a significant role in erythropoiesis.
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A hiatal hernia is a weakness in the _____ muscle, which allows a portion of the digestive tract to enter the thoracic cavity.
- A. diaphragm
- B. stomach
- C. intestinal
- D. thoracic wall
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: diaphragm. The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. A hiatal hernia occurs when the stomach pushes through the opening in the diaphragm known as the esophageal hiatus, allowing a portion of the stomach to enter the thoracic cavity. The other choices, B: stomach, C: intestinal, and D: thoracic wall, are incorrect because a hiatal hernia specifically involves a weakness in the diaphragm muscle, not in these other structures. The stomach is the organ affected by the hernia, but the primary issue lies in the diaphragm's weakness. The intestinal and thoracic wall choices are not directly related to the development of a hiatal hernia.
Functions in the liver include production of:
- A. Digestive enzymes
- B. Secondary bile acids
- C. Stercobilinogen
- D. CCK
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Digestive enzymes. The liver produces bile, which contains bile salts that help digest fats in the small intestine. Additionally, the liver produces various digestive enzymes like lipase, amylase, and proteases. These enzymes aid in breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats during the digestion process. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect because secondary bile acids are produced in the intestine, stercobilinogen is a product of bilirubin breakdown in the intestine, and CCK (cholecystokinin) is a hormone produced by the small intestine to stimulate the release of bile and pancreatic enzymes but not directly produced by the liver.
The patient experienced a blood transfusion reaction. How should the nurse explain to the patient the cause of the hemolytic jaundice that occurred?
- A. Results from hepatocellular disease
- B. Due to a malaria parasite breaking apart red blood cells (RBCs)
- C. Results from decreased flow of bile through the liver or biliary system
- D. Due to increased breakdown of RBCs that caused elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D. Hemolytic jaundice in a blood transfusion reaction is due to increased breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs) causing elevated serum unconjugated bilirubin. This occurs when the patient's immune system reacts to the transfused blood, leading to destruction of RBCs. The breakdown of these cells releases hemoglobin, which is metabolized into bilirubin. This unconjugated bilirubin then accumulates in the blood, causing jaundice.
Choice A is incorrect because hepatocellular disease does not directly cause hemolytic jaundice. Choice B is incorrect as malaria parasite breaking apart RBCs leads to hemolysis, not a blood transfusion reaction. Choice C is incorrect as decreased bile flow through the liver or biliary system typically causes obstructive jaundice, not hemolytic jaundice.
What treatment for acute cholecystitis will prevent further stimulation of the gallbladder?
- A. NPO with NG suction
- B. Incisional cholecystectomy
- C. Administration of antiemetics
- D. Administration of anticholinergics
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: NPO with NG suction. This treatment prevents further stimulation of the gallbladder by resting the digestive system and reducing the secretion of bile. NPO stands for "nothing by mouth," which reduces gallbladder contractions. NG suction removes stomach contents, preventing bile from reaching the gallbladder. Incisional cholecystectomy is a surgical removal of the gallbladder and not a preventive measure. Antiemetics help control nausea and vomiting but do not directly prevent gallbladder stimulation. Anticholinergics inhibit the parasympathetic nervous system but are not typically used to prevent gallbladder stimulation.
The hydrogen ions that form hydrochloric acid of the stomach come from
- A. lactic acid.
- B. carbonic acid.
- C. citric acid.
- D. acetic acid.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: carbonic acid. Carbonic acid is produced when carbon dioxide reacts with water in the stomach, forming hydrogen ions that combine with chloride ions to create hydrochloric acid. Lactic acid (A), citric acid (C), and acetic acid (D) do not directly contribute to the formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach. Therefore, they are incorrect choices for this question.