Nokea
Which of the following is not a method to control for the effects of confounding?
- A. Randomization
- B. Stratification
- C. Matching
- D. Blinding
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Blinding primarily reduces information bias, not confounding. Methods like randomization, stratification, and matching are specifically used to address confounding.
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What is the RR of dying of coronary thrombosis for smokers versus nonsmokers?
- A. 1.2
- B. 1.3
- C. 1.4
- D. 1.5
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: RR = (Death rate among smokers / Death rate among nonsmokers) = 599 / 422 ≈ 1.42. Smokers have a 1.42 times higher risk of dying from coronary thrombosis compared to nonsmokers.
Binomial distribution is
- A. Discrete distribution
- B. Continuous distribution
- C. Individual distribution
- D. Poisson distribution
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The binomial distribution models discrete outcomes, typically successes and failures.
Ergonomics is related to
- A. Economics
- B. Agriculture
- C. Engineering means to reduce occupational hazards
- D. Agricultural economics
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Ergonomics involves engineering principles to design workspaces and tools that reduce occupational hazards.
Which of the following data sources are best able to provide numerator data for the calculation of incidence of death by gunshot?
- A. Hospital discharge survey
- B. Autopsy or coroners' records
- C. National Health Survey
- D. Disease registries
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Autopsy or coroner's records provide direct evidence of gunshot-related fatalities, essential for calculating incidence.
Horizontal line drawn from 50% tick mark to plotted curve intersects at median
- A. Cumulative frequency curve
- B. Survival curve
- C. Both
- D. Neither
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: This feature describes cumulative frequency curves where the median is identified.