Nokea
Which of the following is not a source of estrogen?
- A. adrenal gland
- B. ovary
- C. pituitary
- D. follicle
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: pituitary. Estrogen is primarily produced by the ovaries, with a small amount also coming from the adrenal glands. The pituitary gland is not a direct source of estrogen production but plays a role in regulating the release of hormones that stimulate estrogen production in the ovaries. The follicle, on the other hand, is a structure within the ovary where estrogen is produced during the menstrual cycle. Therefore, C is the correct answer as the pituitary gland does not directly produce estrogen.
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When are HCG levels the highest?
- A. before pregnancy
- B. first days of gestation
- C. second month of pregnancy
- D. end of pregnancy
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: second month of pregnancy. During the second month of pregnancy, HCG levels typically peak and reach their highest levels. This is because HCG is produced by the placenta, which develops and grows rapidly during this stage of pregnancy. Higher HCG levels during this time help support the developing fetus and maintain the pregnancy.
A: before pregnancy - HCG levels are not present before pregnancy.
B: first days of gestation - HCG levels are detectable shortly after implantation, but they continue to rise and peak in the second month.
D: end of pregnancy - HCG levels typically decrease towards the end of pregnancy as the placenta matures and other hormones take over to support the pregnancy.
Which of the following statements relating to lactation is incorrect.
- A. plasma prolactin releasing factor stimulates the release of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.
- B. mechanical stimulation and neural inputs stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin releasing factor and oxytocin.
- C. plasma oxytocin stimulates the contraction of breast glands causing milk ejection.
- D. progesterone helps prepare the mammary glands for lactation
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B because mechanical stimulation and neural inputs do not directly stimulate the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin releasing factor and oxytocin. The release of prolactin is primarily controlled by the hypothalamus through the release of prolactin inhibitory hormone (dopamine) and prolactin releasing hormone. Oxytocin release is controlled by the hypothalamus in response to suckling. Choices A, C, and D are all correct statements about lactation. Plasma prolactin releasing factor (prolactin releasing hormone) does stimulate the release of prolactin, plasma oxytocin does stimulate milk ejection, and progesterone does prepare the mammary glands for lactation.
The patient was taken to the operating room where an
- A. Open
- B. Open deduction
- C. Deduction
- D. Reduction
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: Reduction. In medical terminology, reduction refers to the process of restoring a dislocated or fractured bone to its normal position. In this context, the patient was likely taken to the operating room for a reduction procedure to realign the affected bone.
A: Open - Incorrect because it does not specify the specific procedure being performed.
B: Open deduction - Incorrect because "deduction" is not a term commonly used in medical procedures and does not make sense in this context.
C: Deduction - Incorrect for the same reasons as B, as deduction is not a relevant medical term in this scenario.
This is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes and the pelvic organs secondary to infections with gonococcus or chlamydia
- A. Ovarian cyst
- B. Endometriosi
- C. PID
- D. Cervicitis
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Step 1: Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection of the fallopian tubes and pelvic organs.
Step 2: PID is commonly caused by gonococcus or chlamydia infections.
Step 3: Ovarian cyst (A) is a fluid-filled sac on the ovary, not related to infections.
Step 4: Endometriosis (B) is the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, not typically associated with infections.
Step 5: Cervicitis (D) is an inflammation of the cervix, not involving the fallopian tubes and pelvic organs.
Which of the following is a fungal disease of the reproductive system?
- A. Syphilis
- B. Gonorrhea
- C. Candidiasis
- D. Genital Herpes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Candidiasis. Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by the Candida fungus, commonly affecting the reproductive system. It can cause symptoms like itching, burning, and abnormal discharge.
A: Syphilis is a bacterial infection transmitted through sexual contact.
B: Gonorrhea is a bacterial infection affecting the reproductive system.
D: Genital Herpes is a viral infection that affects the genital area.
In summary, Candidiasis is the only fungal disease listed, making it the correct choice for a fungal infection of the reproductive system.