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Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperaldosteronism?
- A. Excessive sodium intake
- B. Deficient potassium intake
- C. A pituitary adenoma
- D. An adrenal adenoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D: An adrenal adenoma. Adrenal adenoma is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism, also known as Conn's syndrome. Adrenal adenomas are benign tumors that cause overproduction of aldosterone, leading to increased sodium retention and potassium excretion. This results in hypertension and hypokalemia. Excessive sodium intake (A) and deficient potassium intake (B) are not direct causes of hyperaldosteronism. A pituitary adenoma (C) is associated with other hormone imbalances, such as Cushing's syndrome or acromegaly, but not hyperaldosteronism.
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Which statement by a nurse indicates a good understanding about the differences between data validation and data interpretation?
- A. “Data interpretation occurs before data validation.”
- B. “Validation involves looking for patterns in professional standards.”
- C. “Validation involves comparing data with other sources for accuracy.”
- D. “Data interpretation involves discovering patterns in professional standards.”
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C because data validation involves comparing data with other sources to ensure accuracy. This step ensures that the data is reliable and error-free. Option A is incorrect as data validation typically comes after data collection and cleaning, which precede data interpretation. Option B is incorrect as validation does not specifically focus on professional standards but rather on accuracy and consistency. Option D is incorrect as data interpretation involves analyzing and deriving insights from the validated data, not looking for patterns in professional standards.
Which of the ff. would the nurse explain to the patient is the triad of symptoms associated with Meniere’s disease?
- A. Hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus
- B. Nausea, vomiting and pain
- C. Nystagmus, headache and vomiting
- D. Nystagmus, vomiting and pain
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. Meniere's disease is characterized by a triad of symptoms: recurrent episodes of vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus. Vertigo is a spinning sensation, hearing loss affects the inner ear, and tinnitus is ringing in the ear. Nausea, vomiting, pain, nystagmus, or headache are not typically part of the classic triad of Meniere's disease symptoms. Therefore, option A is the most appropriate choice based on the specific symptomatology associated with Meniere's disease.
The nurse notes vigorous bubbling in the water-seal chamber of a chest-drainage system. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to correct the bubbling?
- A. Examine the entire system and tubing for air leaks.
- B. Lower the level of suction.
- C. Nothing; vigorous bubbling is expected
- D. Ask the patient to cough forcefully.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A. First, the nurse should assess the chest-drainage system and tubing for any air leaks. Air leaks can cause bubbling in the water-seal chamber, indicating a potential issue with the system's integrity. By examining the entire system, the nurse can identify and correct any leaks to ensure proper functioning of the chest-drainage system. Lowering the level of suction (choice B) may not address the underlying issue of air leaks. Doing nothing (choice C) is not appropriate as vigorous bubbling indicates a problem. Asking the patient to cough forcefully (choice D) is unrelated to addressing bubbling in the water-seal chamber.
A female client with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) receives family-planning counseling. Which statement about safer sex practices for persons with HIV is accurate?
- A. If the client and her sexual partners are HIV positive, unprotected sex is permitted
- B. A latex condom with spermicide provides the best protection against HIV transmission during sexual intercourse
- C. Contraceptive methods like birth control pills, implants, and injections are recommended to prevent HIV transmission
- D. The intrauterine device is recommended for a client with HIV
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: A latex condom with spermicide provides the best protection against HIV transmission during sexual intercourse.
Rationale:
1. Latex condoms create a physical barrier that helps prevent the exchange of bodily fluids containing HIV.
2. Spermicide can further reduce the risk of HIV transmission by killing some viruses and bacteria.
3. Research shows that consistent and correct use of condoms is highly effective in reducing the risk of HIV transmission.
4. Other choices are incorrect:
- A: Unprotected sex between HIV-positive individuals can lead to the transmission of drug-resistant strains or different strains of HIV.
- C: Contraceptive methods like birth control pills do not protect against HIV transmission.
- D: The intrauterine device is not specifically recommended for clients with HIV due to potential risks of infection.
For a patient receiving furosemide, the nurse evaluates the medication as being effective if which of the following effects occurs?
- A. Urine output increased
- B. Heart rate increased
- C. Serum potassium decreased
- D. Pulse pressure increased
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Urine output increased. Furosemide is a loop diuretic that works by increasing urine output, thus helping to reduce fluid volume in the body. This effect is crucial in managing conditions like heart failure and edema. Increased urine output indicates that the medication is working as intended.
Choice B: Heart rate increased is incorrect as furosemide does not directly affect heart rate.
Choice C: Serum potassium decreased is incorrect as furosemide can lead to potassium loss, but this is not the primary indicator of its effectiveness.
Choice D: Pulse pressure increased is incorrect as furosemide does not typically impact pulse pressure.