Nokea
Which of the following malignancies is least likely to occur in a 10-month-old infant?
- A. neuroblastoma
- B. nephroblastoma
- C. retinoblastoma
- D. hepatoblastoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Hepatoblastoma is rare in infants under 1 year old, being more common in toddlers.
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For a patient with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms, the purpose of esophageal pH monitoring is to evaluate for:
- A. esophagitis from the reflux.
- B. frequency of the reflux.
- C. gastric emptying delays.
- D. possible obstructions.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Esophageal pH monitoring measures the frequency and duration of acid exposure in the esophagus, helping diagnose GERD.
Aling Nena, 68 years old, had a MVA and underwent surgery for hip fracture. Two days post-surgery, she suddenly complained of chest heaviness despite the absence of cardiac history. What is the nursing priority?
- A. document the onset, duration, severity, and precipitating factors
- B. may offer analgesics for chest pain
- C. administer oxygen via face mask
- D. inform the physician about the heaviness
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: In a post-operative patient, sudden chest heaviness can be a sign of various complications, such as a pulmonary embolism or cardiac issue. One of the immediate nursing interventions for a patient complaining of chest heaviness is to ensure adequate oxygenation. Administering oxygen via a face mask can help improve oxygenation and provide relief while further assessments are being done to determine the cause of the symptom. This intervention takes priority over documenting the symptom, offering analgesics, or informing the physician, as addressing the patient's oxygen needs is crucial in this situation.
The beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is a useful surface marker in some malignant germ cell tumors (GCTs); it is secreted by syncytiotrophoblasts. In which of the following GCTs this surface marker is characteristically elevated?
- A. teratoma
- B. germinoma
- C. endodermal sinus tumor
- D. embryonal carcinoma
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Embryonal carcinoma is strongly associated with elevated beta-HCG levels.
The nurse is aware that the shift of body fluids associated with the intravenous administration of albumin occurs by the process of:
- A. Filtration
- B. Osmosis
- C. Diffusion
- D. Active Transport
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Osmosis is the process by which water moves across a semi-permeable membrane to equalize concentrations on both sides of the membrane. When albumin is administered intravenously, it creates an osmotic pressure in the bloodstream that draws water from the interstitial space into the blood vessels. This shift of body fluids associated with the intravenous administration of albumin occurs through the process of osmosis.
A nurse makes the decision to apply a topical anesthetic to a child's skin before drawing blood. Which ethical principle is the nurse demonstrating?
- A. Autonomy
- B. Beneficence
- C. Justice
- D. Truthfulness
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The nurse is demonstrating the ethical principle of beneficence by applying a topical anesthetic to the child's skin before drawing blood. Beneficence refers to the obligation to act in the best interest of the patient, promoting their well-being and preventing harm. In this case, the nurse is taking proactive steps to minimize the child's discomfort and potential pain during the blood draw procedure, thus upholding the principle of beneficence.