Nokea
Which of the following occur due to increased secretion of testosterone during puberty in male humans?
- A. 1, 2, 3 and 4
- B. 1, 2 and 3 only
- C. 1 and 2 only
- D. 3 and 4 only
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Increased muscle growth (1) is due to testosterone promoting protein synthesis, leading to muscle hypertrophy.
Step 2: Deepening of voice (2) is caused by testosterone thickening the vocal cords.
Step 3: Growth of facial hair (3) is stimulated by testosterone promoting hair follicle growth.
Step 4: Enlargement of testes (4) is a direct effect of increased testosterone levels. Therefore, choices A, B, C, and D are analyzed:
- B is incorrect as it excludes the enlargement of testes.
- C is incorrect as it excludes the growth of facial hair.
- D is incorrect as it excludes both muscle growth and the growth of facial hair.
Conclusion: Choice A is correct as it includes all the effects of increased testosterone secretion during puberty in male humans.
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Individualized nutrition therapy for patients using conventional, fixed insulin regimens should include teaching the patient to
- A. eat regular meals at regular times.
- B. restrict calories to promote moderate weight loss.
- C. eliminate sucrose and other simple sugars from the diet.
- D. limit saturated fat intake to 30% of dietary calorie intake.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Patients with fixed insulin regimens should eat regular meals to match insulin action and prevent hypoglycemia.
Regarding protein metabolism, which statement is CORRECT?
- A. increases the respiratory quotient to values > 1.0
- B. has a specific dynamic action (SDA) of approximately 10%
- C. endogenous protein breakdown is inhibited by glucagon
- D. creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because creatinine excretion is not depressed in starvation. Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and is relatively constant even during starvation when muscle breakdown occurs. A: Incorrect, as increasing respiratory quotient > 1.0 indicates excessive carbohydrate utilization. B: Incorrect, SDA is the energy used for digestion and absorption of nutrients, not specific to protein metabolism. C: Incorrect, glucagon stimulates protein breakdown to release amino acids for energy during fasting.
Lactogenic hormone:
- A. is also called oxytocin.
- B. is a gonadotropin.
- C. stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk.
- D. exerts its greatest effect on the gonads.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Lactogenic hormone stimulates mammary glands to produce milk, essential for lactation.
2. Oxytocin is a different hormone that causes milk ejection, not production.
3. Gonadotropins like FSH and LH affect gonads, not lactation.
4. Choice C directly relates to lactation, making it the correct answer.
Which of the following is the most important effect of somatotropic hormone?
- A. Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium
- B. Growth of the musculoskeletal system
- C. Regulation of sodium and water balance
- D. Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Growth of the musculoskeletal system. Somatotropic hormone, also known as growth hormone, plays a crucial role in stimulating growth and development of bones, muscles, and tissues. It promotes the growth of the musculoskeletal system by stimulating the production of proteins that are essential for muscle and bone growth. This effect is the most important function of somatotropic hormone as it directly impacts overall body growth and physical development.
Explanation for other choices:
A: Promotion of the urinary excretion of calcium - This is not a primary function of somatotropic hormone. Calcium regulation is mainly controlled by other hormones like parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.
C: Regulation of sodium and water balance - This function is primarily controlled by hormones like aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, not somatotropic hormone.
D: Initiates and sustains labor to terminate pregnancy - Labor initiation is regulated by hormones like oxytocin and prostaglandins, not somat
Which of the following statements about anticholinesterase drugs is WRONG:
- A. They can be divided into reversible and irreversible types
- B. They include neostigmine and physostigmine
- C. They can produce miosis and lacrimation
- D. They are useful bronchodilators
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because anticholinesterase drugs are not bronchodilators; they actually increase cholinergic activity by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine. Reversible and irreversible types do exist (A), neostigmine and physostigmine are examples (B), and they can cause miosis and lacrimation due to increased cholinergic activity (C). Hence, D is the incorrect statement.