Nokea
Which of the following routes is used to instill a dye for a radionuclide imaging test?
- A. Infusion through oral or IV route
- B. Infusion through a T-tube
- C. Infusion through a small nasogastric tube
- D. Infusion through an endoscope
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because instilling a dye for radionuclide imaging test involves injecting the dye intravenously or orally to allow it to circulate in the bloodstream and be absorbed by the body tissues. IV route ensures rapid and direct entry into the bloodstream for proper distribution. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not provide the necessary direct access to the bloodstream required for effective distribution of the dye for imaging purposes.
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The function of the gastrointestinal tract can be classified in several ways. Which of the following functions is most important for survival immediately after a meal?
- A. Absorption and retention of water and electrolytes
- B. Elimination of toxins
- C. Maintenance of barrier function
- D. Extraction of maximum value from nutrients
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Absorption and retention of water and electrolytes. Immediately after a meal, the body needs to absorb water and electrolytes to maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance, crucial for survival. This process helps in nutrient absorption and maintaining overall body function.
Reasons for why the other choices are incorrect:
B: Elimination of toxins - While important for overall health, elimination of toxins is not the most critical function immediately after a meal for survival.
C: Maintenance of barrier function - While important for protecting against harmful substances, it is not the most vital function immediately after a meal for survival.
D: Extraction of maximum value from nutrients - While important for optimal nutrition, it is not as crucial as absorption and retention of water and electrolytes for immediate survival post-meal.
During the gastric phase of digestion
- A. There is neural stimulation only
- B. There is decreased contractility
- C. The bolus composition is detected by chemoreceptors
- D. It only takes minutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Gastric phase starts when food enters the stomach.
2. Chemoreceptors detect bolus composition to initiate gastric secretions.
3. This detection triggers release of gastric juices for digestion.
4. Neural stimulation also occurs during gastric phase, but not exclusively.
5. Contractility increases during gastric phase for mixing and churning.
In summary, choice C is correct as chemoreceptors detect bolus composition during the gastric phase, while the other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the physiological processes during this phase.
The muscles of the esophagus squeeze the food downward using the process of:
- A. gravity
- B. peristalsis
- C. rugae
- D. chyme
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: peristalsis. Peristalsis is the coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions that propel food through the esophagus and digestive tract. This process helps move food downward towards the stomach. Gravity (choice A) is not the primary mechanism for moving food through the esophagus. Rugae (choice C) refers to folds in the stomach lining, not muscle action in the esophagus. Chyme (choice D) is the partially digested food mixed with stomach acids and enzymes, not a process of moving food down the esophagus. Therefore, peristalsis is the correct answer as it accurately describes the muscle action involved in pushing food downward through the esophagus.
GIT hormones with a major effect on the stomach include the following except:
- A. Gastrin
- B. Secretin
- C. GIP
- D. Neurotensin
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Secretin is the correct answer because it is not a hormone that directly affects the stomach. Gastrin stimulates gastric acid secretion, GIP enhances insulin release, and neurotensin regulates gastric motility. Secretin primarily targets the pancreas and liver, stimulating the release of bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice. This hormone does not have a direct major effect on the stomach like the other options. Therefore, Secretin is the exception among the listed GIT hormones affecting the stomach.
Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care for a 25-yr-old male patient with a new diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- A. Encourage the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS.
- B. Suggest that the patient increase the intake of milk and other dairy products.
- C. Teach the patient to avoid using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- D. Teach the patient about the use of alosetron (Lotronex) to reduce IBS symptoms.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Encouraging the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS is important for providing emotional support and promoting understanding.
Step 2: This action shows empathy and fosters a therapeutic relationship, which can help the patient cope with the new diagnosis.
Step 3: By expressing concerns and asking questions, the patient can gain knowledge about IBS and actively participate in their care.
Step 4: This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles and empowers the patient to be involved in decision-making regarding their health.
Summary:
- Option B is incorrect as increasing intake of dairy products can exacerbate IBS symptoms in some individuals.
- Option C is incorrect as avoiding NSAIDs is generally recommended for IBS patients due to potential gastrointestinal side effects.
- Option D is incorrect as alosetron is a medication with potential serious side effects and should not be the first-line treatment for IBS.