Nokea
The patient asks why the serologic test of HBV DNA quantitation is being done. What is the best rationale for the nurse to explain the test to the patient?
- A. Indicates ongoing infection with HBV
- B. Indicates co-infection with HBV and HDV
- C. Indicates previous infection or immunization to HBV
- D. Indicates viral replication and effectiveness of therapy for chronic HBV
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D because HBV DNA quantitation measures the amount of HBV genetic material in the blood, reflecting viral replication. This helps monitor the effectiveness of therapy in chronic HBV patients. Choice A is incorrect as the test does not specifically indicate ongoing infection. Choice B is incorrect as it refers to co-infection with HDV, which is not the purpose of HBV DNA quantitation. Choice C is incorrect as the test does not differentiate between previous infection and ongoing viral replication, which is crucial in managing chronic HBV.
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CCK:
- A. increases gastric secretion.
- B. inhibits the stomach motility.
- C. inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion.
- D. increases pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: CCK (Cholecystokinin) is released in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine.
Step 2: CCK inhibits stomach motility to allow enough time for the gallbladder to release bile.
Step 3: This slowing down of stomach motility aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Step 4: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as CCK does not directly affect gastric secretion, pancreatic enzyme secretion, or increase pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
What role do the teeth play in digestion?
- A. chemical digestion
- B. mechanical digestion
- C. enzymatic digestion
- D. absorption
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: mechanical digestion. Teeth play a crucial role in breaking down food into smaller pieces through physical chewing, which is a form of mechanical digestion. This process increases the surface area of food particles, making it easier for enzymes to further break down nutrients during chemical digestion in the stomach and intestines. Choice A (chemical digestion) is incorrect because teeth do not directly participate in chemical breakdown of food. Choice C (enzymatic digestion) is incorrect as enzymes are not produced by teeth but by salivary glands and other digestive organs. Choice D (absorption) is incorrect as teeth are not involved in absorbing nutrients; absorption primarily occurs in the small intestine.
The nurse is caring for a patient who has been prescribed digoxin. Which statement by the patient indicates the need for further teaching about the medication?
- A. "I will report any changes in my pulse rate."
- B. "I should take my medication at the same time every day."
- C. "I can stop taking the medication if I feel dizzy."
- D. "I will monitor my weight weekly."
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C. This statement indicates a need for further teaching because stopping digoxin abruptly can be dangerous. Digoxin should not be discontinued without consulting a healthcare provider. A: Monitoring pulse rate is important as digoxin can affect heart rate. B: Consistency in timing helps maintain consistent drug levels. D: Monitoring weight is crucial as digoxin can cause fluid retention. Therefore, choice C is incorrect as it suggests a potentially harmful action.
Which hormone stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Secretin
- D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of fats and proteins. It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion. Insulin (A) and Glucagon (B) are involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not digestive enzyme release. Secretin (C) primarily stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid, not digestive enzymes.
During the gastric phase of digestion
- A. There is neural stimulation only
- B. There is decreased contractility
- C. The bolus composition is detected by chemoreceptors
- D. It only takes minutes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Rationale:
1. Gastric phase starts when food enters the stomach.
2. Chemoreceptors detect bolus composition to initiate gastric secretions.
3. This detection triggers release of gastric juices for digestion.
4. Neural stimulation also occurs during gastric phase, but not exclusively.
5. Contractility increases during gastric phase for mixing and churning.
In summary, choice C is correct as chemoreceptors detect bolus composition during the gastric phase, while the other choices are incorrect because they do not accurately reflect the physiological processes during this phase.