Nokea
If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ______ which breaks down starch into ______.
- A. amylase; glucose
- B. pepsin; maltose
- C. amylase, maltose
- D. maltase, glucose
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: amylase, maltose. Amylase is the digestive enzyme present in saliva that breaks down starch into maltose. When you suck on bread, the amylase in saliva starts breaking down the starch molecules into maltose, which is a sugar that tastes sweet. Option A is incorrect because amylase breaks down starch into maltose, not glucose. Option B is incorrect because pepsin is a stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins, not starch. Option D is incorrect because maltase is an enzyme in the small intestine that breaks down maltose into glucose, not the enzyme present in saliva.
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The function of the gastrointestinal tract can be classified in several ways. Which of the following functions is most important for survival immediately after a meal?
- A. Absorption and retention of water and electrolytes
- B. Elimination of toxins
- C. Maintenance of barrier function
- D. Extraction of maximum value from nutrients
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: Absorption and retention of water and electrolytes. Immediately after a meal, the body needs to absorb water and electrolytes to maintain proper hydration and electrolyte balance, crucial for survival. This process helps in nutrient absorption and maintaining overall body function.
Reasons for why the other choices are incorrect:
B: Elimination of toxins - While important for overall health, elimination of toxins is not the most critical function immediately after a meal for survival.
C: Maintenance of barrier function - While important for protecting against harmful substances, it is not the most vital function immediately after a meal for survival.
D: Extraction of maximum value from nutrients - While important for optimal nutrition, it is not as crucial as absorption and retention of water and electrolytes for immediate survival post-meal.
What is the role of pepsin in digestion?
- A. Digesting carbohydrates
- B. Digesting fats
- C. Digesting proteins
- D. Digesting nucleic acids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The correct answer is C: Digesting proteins. Pepsin is a digestive enzyme produced in the stomach that specifically breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. It works optimally in acidic environments, aiding in the digestion of proteins consumed in the diet. The other choices are incorrect because pepsin does not play a role in digesting carbohydrates (A), fats (B), or nucleic acids (D). Carbohydrates are primarily broken down by enzymes like amylase, fats by lipase, and nucleic acids by nucleases. Thus, pepsin's main function is to digest proteins in the stomach.
The painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with acid reflux in the esophagus is called
- A. a peptic ulcer.
- B. heart burn.
- C. angina.
- D. a duodenal ulcer.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: heartburn. This is because heartburn is the common term for the painful or burning sensation in the chest caused by acid reflux in the esophagus. A peptic ulcer (A) and a duodenal ulcer (D) are sores in the stomach or small intestine, not specific to the chest area. Angina (C) is chest pain related to heart issues, not specifically caused by acid reflux. Therefore, B is the correct answer.
Which hormone stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
- A. Insulin
- B. Glucagon
- C. Secretin
- D. Cholecystokinin (CCK)
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: The correct answer is D, Cholecystokinin (CCK). CCK is produced in the small intestine in response to the presence of fats and proteins. It stimulates the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas to aid in digestion. Insulin (A) and Glucagon (B) are involved in regulating blood sugar levels, not digestive enzyme release. Secretin (C) primarily stimulates the release of bicarbonate from the pancreas to neutralize stomach acid, not digestive enzymes.
Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care for a 25-yr-old male patient with a new diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- A. Encourage the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS.
- B. Suggest that the patient increase the intake of milk and other dairy products.
- C. Teach the patient to avoid using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- D. Teach the patient about the use of alosetron (Lotronex) to reduce IBS symptoms.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Encouraging the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS is important for providing emotional support and promoting understanding.
Step 2: This action shows empathy and fosters a therapeutic relationship, which can help the patient cope with the new diagnosis.
Step 3: By expressing concerns and asking questions, the patient can gain knowledge about IBS and actively participate in their care.
Step 4: This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles and empowers the patient to be involved in decision-making regarding their health.
Summary:
- Option B is incorrect as increasing intake of dairy products can exacerbate IBS symptoms in some individuals.
- Option C is incorrect as avoiding NSAIDs is generally recommended for IBS patients due to potential gastrointestinal side effects.
- Option D is incorrect as alosetron is a medication with potential serious side effects and should not be the first-line treatment for IBS.