Nokea
Hepatocytes or hepatic cells produce bile, which is secreted into the
- A. hepatic portal vein.
- B. bile canaliculi.
- C. hepatic sinusoid.
- D. lacteal.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: bile canaliculi. Hepatocytes produce bile, which is then secreted into bile canaliculi within the liver. From there, bile flows into bile ducts and eventually reaches the gallbladder or small intestine. The other options are incorrect because bile is not secreted directly into the hepatic portal vein (A), hepatic sinusoid (C), or lacteal (D). The hepatic portal vein carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver, the hepatic sinusoid is a type of blood vessel within the liver, and lacteals are lymphatic vessels in the small intestine.
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A tumor producing large amounts of gastrin DOES NOT include:
- A. Hyperplasia of gastric epithelium
- B. Hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes
- C. Excessive gastric acid secretion
- D. Histamine secretion in the gastric mucosa
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The correct answer is B: Hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes. In a tumor producing large amounts of gastrin, hyperplasia of gastric epithelium (choice A) is expected due to increased gastrin stimulation. Excessive gastric acid secretion (choice C) is also expected as gastrin stimulates acid production. Histamine secretion in the gastric mucosa (choice D) can occur as histamine is released in response to gastrin. However, hyperplasia of gastric mucosal lymphocytes (choice B) is not a direct consequence of increased gastrin levels. Lymphocyte hyperplasia is more commonly associated with chronic inflammation or infection rather than gastrin overproduction.
The muscular contractions, which move material through the digestive tract, are called:
- A. peristalsis
- B. deglutition.
- C. mass movements.
- D. segmental contractions.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A: peristalsis. Peristalsis refers to the wave-like muscular contractions that propel food through the digestive tract. First, circular muscles contract behind the food bolus creating a narrowing, then longitudinal muscles contract ahead of the bolus, pushing it forward. This coordinated movement helps move food along the digestive tract efficiently. Deglutition (B) refers to the act of swallowing, not the movement of food through the digestive tract. Mass movements (C) refer to large, powerful contractions that occur in the colon to move feces. Segmental contractions (D) are localized contractions that mix and churn food in the intestines, not the primary mechanism for moving food along the digestive tract.
Which of the following routes is used to instill a dye for a radionuclide imaging test?
- A. Infusion through oral or IV route
- B. Infusion through a T-tube
- C. Infusion through a small nasogastric tube
- D. Infusion through an endoscope
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The correct answer is A because instilling a dye for radionuclide imaging test involves injecting the dye intravenously or orally to allow it to circulate in the bloodstream and be absorbed by the body tissues. IV route ensures rapid and direct entry into the bloodstream for proper distribution. Choices B, C, and D are incorrect as they do not provide the necessary direct access to the bloodstream required for effective distribution of the dye for imaging purposes.
CCK:
- A. increases gastric secretion.
- B. inhibits the stomach motility.
- C. inhibits pancreatic enzyme secretion.
- D. increases pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Step 1: CCK (Cholecystokinin) is released in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine.
Step 2: CCK inhibits stomach motility to allow enough time for the gallbladder to release bile.
Step 3: This slowing down of stomach motility aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.
Step 4: Choices A, C, and D are incorrect as CCK does not directly affect gastric secretion, pancreatic enzyme secretion, or increase pancreatic secretions rich in bicarbonate.
Which nursing action will be included in the plan of care for a 25-yr-old male patient with a new diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?
- A. Encourage the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS.
- B. Suggest that the patient increase the intake of milk and other dairy products.
- C. Teach the patient to avoid using nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
- D. Teach the patient about the use of alosetron (Lotronex) to reduce IBS symptoms.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Step 1: Encouraging the patient to express concerns and ask questions about IBS is important for providing emotional support and promoting understanding.
Step 2: This action shows empathy and fosters a therapeutic relationship, which can help the patient cope with the new diagnosis.
Step 3: By expressing concerns and asking questions, the patient can gain knowledge about IBS and actively participate in their care.
Step 4: This approach aligns with patient-centered care principles and empowers the patient to be involved in decision-making regarding their health.
Summary:
- Option B is incorrect as increasing intake of dairy products can exacerbate IBS symptoms in some individuals.
- Option C is incorrect as avoiding NSAIDs is generally recommended for IBS patients due to potential gastrointestinal side effects.
- Option D is incorrect as alosetron is a medication with potential serious side effects and should not be the first-line treatment for IBS.