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Which of the following statements accurately describe factors that may affect an individuals growth and development? Select all that apply.
- A. Physical characteristics such as height, bone size, and eye and hair color are inherited from the family of origin.
- B. Fetal development can be altered by maternal age or inadequate maternal nutrition or substance abuse.
- C. Abuse of alcohol and drugs is more prevalent in teenagers who have poor family relationships, low self-esteem, and poor social skills.
- D. Infants who are malnourished in utero develop fewer brain cells than infants who have had adequate prenatal nutrition.
- E. Environmental factors such as poverty and violence do not have a direct effect on growth and development.
- F. Inadequate caregiving skills may affect growth of the individual, but it has no effect on predetermined development.
Correct Answer: A,B,C,D
Rationale: A: Genetic inheritance determines physical characteristics. B: Maternal factors like age and nutrition impact fetal development. C: Social and psychological factors influence adolescent behavior. D: Prenatal malnutrition affects brain development. E is incorrect as environmental factors like poverty and violence do impact growth and development. F is incorrect as inadequate caregiving affects both growth and development.
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A child gains weight and becomes taller each year. What is this process called?
- A. development
- B. orderly change
- C. progression
- D. growth
Correct Answer: D
Rationale: Growth refers to the physical changes in size, such as gaining weight and becoming taller, which occur over time.
A second trend occurring with growth and development of the infant states that development is proximodistal. This means:
- A. Growth progresses from gross motor movements to fine motor movements.
- B. Both sides of the body grow equally.
- C. All humans experience the same growth patterns.
- D. As nerve pathways develop, they become more specialized.
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Proximodistal development means growth progresses from the center of the body outward, starting with gross motor movements and advancing to fine motor skills.
Based on Piagets theory of cognitive development, what type of activities would a nurse recommend to parents of children in the preoperational stage?
- A. play activities
- B. Solving logic puzzles and learning algebra
- C. Memorizing multiplication tables and historical facts
- D. Participating in abstract thinking activities like debating
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: In Piaget's preoperational stage (ages 2-7), children learn through symbolic play, so play activities are recommended to enhance cognitive development.
The mother of a 6-month-old infant asks the nurse at a community health center what she should do about her baby, who always wants to put everything in his mouth. What would be an appropriate response by the nurse, based on Freuds theory?
- A. There must be something wrongyour baby should not be doing that.
- B. I dont know if that is normal or not, but I will check on it.
- C. Babies at this age explore and enjoy their world with their mouths.
- D. This usually does not happen until babies are 2 years old.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: According to Freud's oral stage, infants aged 0-18 months explore their environment through their mouths, which is normal behavior.
As the fetus develops, certain growth and development trends are regular and predictable. The first trend is cephalocaudal growth. What does this mean?
- A. Legs and feet develop first.
- B. Both sides of the body develop equally.
- C. Head and brain develop first.
- D. Gross motor skills are learned last.
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cephalocaudal growth refers to the pattern where development proceeds from the head downward, with the head and brain developing first.